Evaluation of a sludge-treatment process comprising lipid extraction and drying using liquefied dimethyl ether

ABSTRACT

Liquefied dimethyl ether (DME) was used to extract lipids from sewage sludge. Factorial experimental analyses were used to evaluate the influence of different variables on raw lipid extraction and sludge drying. The DME method was compared with the Bligh and Dyer (B&D) method for three undigested and two anaerobically digested dewatered sludges. The results indicate that although the raw lipid yield of the B&D method was 5% higher than that of the DME method, the proportion of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in raw lipids extracted by the DME method was 14.1–33.4%, almost twice that of the B&D method. The FAME composition varied according to sludge type, and the dewatered undigested sludges contained more unsaturated fatty acids (e.g. C18:1, C18:2). The lower heating value (LHV) of product by the DME method ranged from 3.74 to 5.70 MJ/kg compared with 1.21–0.39 MJ/kg for the B&D method. Also, DME could be reused at least five times without significantly reducing the lipid yield and drying efficiency. Finally, an economic analysis of the DME, the conventional solvent extraction, and the heat-drying methods was conducted.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS:

• Sewage sludge
• lipid extraction
• economic evaluation
• DME
• FAMEs

Acknowledgments

We thank the staff of the wastewater treatment plants for generosity in providing sewage sludge. This research was conducted in part at the Division of Green Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Advanced Research Institute, Katsura–Int’tech Center, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).