Homogeneous photocatalytic degradation of azo dye Reactive Black 5 using Fe(III) ions under visible light

ABSTRACT

Efficient and cost-effective method to destroy complex dyes is warranted to combat increasing water pollution. In the present study, homogeneous photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) dye was studied using ferric ions (Fe(III)) under visible light (VL) irradiation and sunlight (SL). In the presence of 5 mM ferric ions and at pH 2.6, more than 80% of initial 20 mg/L RB5 was decolourized in 60 min under artificial VL. Decolourization followed pseudo first-order kinetics with the reaction rate constant 0.0356 min⁻¹. 79% of initial COD was removed at the end of 60 min, suggesting mineralization of RB5 as the main cause of decolourization. Using similar experimental conditions under SL, more than 90% RB5 was decolourized in 15 min with an almost 10-fold increase in the reaction rate constant (0.34 min⁻¹). Rate and extent of RB5 destruction significantly decreased in the presence of •OH scavenger indicating photoreduction of Fe-hydroxo species and generation of •OH as the main mechanism of RB5 degradation. RB5 removal increased from ca. 30% to 84% with the increase in Fe(III) concentration from 0.5 to 5 mM. The corresponding 1st-order rate constants increased linearly from 0.006 to 0.036 min⁻¹. RB5 degradation decreased linearly (R² = 0.98) from 91.7% to 63.3% with the increase in initial RB5 concentration from 10 to 40 mg/L. Fe(III) induced homogenous PCO appears to be a reliable and low-cost method of advanced oxidation without the need for costly reagent such as H₂O₂.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS:

• Homogenous photocatalysis
• •OH radicals
• Reactive Black 5
• visible light
• Fe-hydroxo species

Acknowledgement

Authors are thankful to DST-FIST, Government of India, for funding to create research facilities at Environmental Engineering Lab, Civil Engineering Department, FTE, MSU.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).