Magnetically recyclable copper doped core-shell Fe₃O₄@TiO₂@Cu nanocomposites for wastewater remediation

ABSTRACT

The smart magnetic nanocomposites have been doped to diminish the energy bandgap of the photocatalyst and to permit recovering of the photocatalyst after the wastewater treatment. The core–shell Fe₃O₄@TiO₂ nanocomposite was synthesised by the hydrothermal method using titanium butoxide as a precursor. The nanocomposites were examined by XRD, VSM, UV-Vis, and TEM techniques. The energy band gap of core–shell Fe₃O₄@TiO₂ nanocomposite is 3.5 eV. Doping of copper with a concentration of 1, 2, and 3 wt% into TiO₂ shell was done to increase the performance of photocatalyst. The Fe₃O₄/PVP@TiO₂@Cu photocatalyst was used for dye wastewater treatment. The energy bandgap decreased to 2.2 eV after copper doping into the TiO₂ shell specified that copper-doped nanocomposite could be an outstanding photocatalyst. The photocatalytic activity was carried out using methylene blue(MB) and methyl orange (MO) under sunlight. About 65% of methylene blue and 85% of methyl orange degradation was done using Cu (3wt %) doped Fe₃O₄@TiO₂ nanocomposite. These photocatalysts can be easily withdrawn with a magnetic field. The Fe₃O₄/PVP@TiO₂@Cu photocatalyst has been demonstrated to be very functional or effective for the degradation of MB and MO dyes using solar illumination.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS:

• dye
• Fe3O4@TiO2
• hydrothermal
• nanocomposite
• photocatalyst

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Data availability

The raw/processed data required to reproduce these findings cannot be shared at this time as the data also forms part of an ongoing study.