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Abstract
Exposure to inorganic arsenic in the general population occurs mainly from drinking water and food sources. This study examined the association between rice consumption and urinary concentrations of arsenic in US adults, aged 20–85 years, in the 2003–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Significantly higher geometric means of creatinine-corrected urinary concentrations of total arsenic (TAs) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) were found in participants who consumed rice more than twice per week, compared to the reference group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed a statistically significant association between rice consumption and urinary concentrations of TAs [odds ratio (OR) = 1.51 (1.08, 2.09)] and DMA [OR = 2.24 (1.57, 3.21)] after adjustment for demographic variables, seafood intake (the main source of organic arsenic), and source of drinking water. Furthermore, significant variations in rice consumption and urinary concentrations of arsenic were observed in different racial groups. This study demonstrated that rice consumption contributed to inorganic arsenic exposure in US adults.