Urinary levels of phthalate esters and heavy metals in adolescents with thyroid colloid cysts

ABSTRACT

We aimed to evaluate 14 urinary phthalate metabolites and 4 toxic metals in adolescents having thyroid colloid cyst (TCC) and compare with age and sex-matched others without TCC. Phthalate metabolites were analysed with UPLC-MS/MS and heavy metals with ICP-MS. TCC ratios in tertile subgroups of pollutants were compared with multiple logistic regression analysis after adjusting for age, sex, z-scores for body mass index and urinary creatinine values. Adolescents having the highest tertile of mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalic acid and mercury had increased odds and those with the highest tertiles of monocarboxy-isononyl phthalate, mono (3-carboxypropyl) phthalate, monoisobutyl phthalate had lower odds for TCC than counterparts. The odds of TCC were lower for those in the second and the third tertiles. No differences in TCC ratios were detected with other pollutants. Given phthalate esters’ and toxic metals’ specific interactions on TCC, further studies were necessary to assess the influence of chemicals on TCC.

KEYWORDS:

• Thyroid colloid cysts
• phthalate esters
• toxic metals
• adolescence

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Yahya Laleli for their valuable technical advice at Duzen Laboratories Group-Research and Development Department.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. The funding organization(s) played no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the report for publication.

Ethical approval

The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hacettepe University (GO 16/582).

Consent to participate

Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants and parents included in the study.

Author contributions

S.S.Y. designed the study; S.S.Y., I.E., S.Ç. B.O. performed the study; S.S.Y. performed statistical analyses; S.S.Y. and S.Ç. drafted the manuscript S.S.Y. critically reviewed the manuscript. All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.

Availability of data and materials

To access the files, please send an e-mail request to [email protected].

Ethical approval

Ethics Board of Non-Interventional Clinical Research from Hacettepe University approved the protocol. All procedures in the study complied with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed Consent was obtained from the mothers included in the study.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Hacettepe University Research Projects, TSA-2017-12884;