Physiological, biochemical, and hormonal changes in rats exposed to bottled water left in a hot car and the freezer

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of bottled water left in the car and those left in the refrigerator on the physiological and biochemical parameters of male rats. Eighteen male albino rats were randomly divided into control, warmed bottled water (WBW), and cooled bottled water (CBW) groups. The concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA) and antimony (Sb) in the water samples were measured. Results showed that the levels of BPA and Sb were higher in bottled water left in the car and those kept at room temperature (control), relative to the bottled water samples kept in the fridge. Bodyweight, some metabolic indicators, cTnT and CRP levels, hematological parameters, testosterone level, and sperm quality were significantly affected by storage conditions. These results indicate that storage conditions can potentially affect the quality of bottled water, which in turn can affect the biological parameters of living organisms. Moreover, since the concentrations of BPA and Sb were least in bottled water kept in the refrigerator, we recommend that manufacturers and households should endeavor to keep bottled water under cold storage.

KEYWORDS:

• Bottled water
• antimony
• bisphenol A
• reproductive performance

Acknowledgments

The author wishes to gratefully thank Rêbwar M. Hama Salih, Sarwar N. Jafar, and Younis M. Saleh for the excellent technical support performed for spermatological and biochemical tests.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.