Mapping domestic water use to quantify water-demand and water-related contaminant exposure in a peri-urban community, Indonesia

ABSTRACT

Water use of domestic activities was quantified by interviewing 217 people in a peri-urban community near Bandung, Indonesia. Resulting in data on domestic water demand and data needed for exposure modelling of domestic activities: drinking, cooking, brushing teeth, swimming, bathing, laundry, dishwashing, religious cleansing, washing hands and cleaning food. Average total domestic water usage was 117 l/person/day, topping the WHO guidelines for basic needs (50–100 l/person/day). This water use level is comparable with higher income countries for the same set of activities but 100% higher than water use in an Indonesian traditional rural community. The final dataset provides insight in quantity of water used for domestic activities, as well as the use-frequency, duration and water sources used. These data are scarce for Indonesia and other low-middle income countries but necessary for water demand studies and estimating risks through exposure to pathogens and emerging contaminants in human exposure modelling.

KEYWORDS:

• Water demand
• exposure modelling
• oral exposure
• dermal exposure
• Indonesia

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the enumerators (Siti Maryam and Nina Mulyani) for their survey work. We also acknowledge the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on this manuscript draft. The research was funded by Deltares and Radboud University.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Supplementary data

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2022.2163986.

Additional information

Funding

The work was supported by the Deltares Radboud Universiteit .