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Abstract
The aim of this study is to compare the effect of conventional bread and a whole grain bread on appetite and energy intake, satiety and satiety gut-hormones. A randomized controlled crossover pilot study was carried out in 11 university students (age: 18.7 ± 0.9 years; body mass index: 22.7 ± 2.7 kg/m2). Participants consumed two different mid-morning cereal-based snacks, including a conventional or whole grain bread. Two testing days were completed, including satiety questionnaires, blood sampling and consumption of standardized breakfast, mid-morning test-snacks and ad libitum lunch. Several gut-hormones were analysed and satiation was assessed using Visual Analogue Scale scores. The consumption of whole grain bread increased satiety perception, decreased the remained energy intake during the testing day, and decreased the postprandial response of peptide YY, compared with conventional bread (p < 0.005). These data suggest that the consumption of whole grain bread might be a useful strategy to improve satiety.
Acknowledgements
We thank all the students for their participation in the study. Also, authors thank to the Gobierno de Aragón/Fondo Social Europeo. The information in this document reflects the authors’ view and is provided as it is. No guarantee or warranty is given that the information is fit for any particular purpose. The reader therefore uses the information at its sole risk and liability.
Disclosure statement
We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Novapan S.L. and “Diputación general de Aragón (Spain) with the Grant for the development of research projects, development and innovation in the area of the food-processing sector. We also thank to Instituto de Salud Carlos III and the programme Redes temáticas de investigación cooperativa RETIC (Red SAMID RD12/0026/0015) for the financial support of A.M. Santaliestra-Pasías and M.D. Rico. RETICS funded by the PN I + D + I 2008-2011 (Spain), ISCIII- Sub-Directorate General for Research Assessment and Promotion and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), ref. RD12/0026. None.