Various proline food sources and blood pressure: substitution analysis

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the association of total proline intake, proline of various food sources, and substitution analysis for proline of food sources with blood pressure (BP) and 3.1-year incidence of hypertension in the framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. The cohort consisted of 4287 participants (41.9% male), aged ≥ 20–70 years. In fully-adjusted model, individuals in the highest tertile for proline intake had an increased risk of incident hypertension than those in the lowest one (OR: 1.45; 95%CI: 1.06–1.97; p for trend: .017). Replacing proline of cheese and legumes source with that of yogurt, poultry, milk, and red meat source was associated with significant negative β coefficient for BP. The present study indicated that high dietary intakes of proline may increase the risk of incident hypertension. Also, substituting proline intake of cheese and legumes by those of proline intake of meats and milk is associated with a lower risk of high BP.

Keywords:

• Proline
• blood pressure
• hypertension
• substitution analysis
• adult

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the “Student Research Committee”, “Research & Technology Chancellor”, and “Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences” in Shahid Beheshti University of MedicalSciences for their financial support of this study. We also express our appreciation to the participants in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study for their enthusiastic support and to the staff of the Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study Unit for their valuable help. The authors also wish to acknowledge Ms Niloofar Shiva for critical editing of English grammar and syntax of the manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Author’s contributions

F. T., G. A., and H. F. conceptualised and designed the study and drafted the initial manuscript; F. T. and M. N. analysed and interpreted the data; P. M. and F. A. supervised the project; all authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Additional information

Funding

This study is related to the project NO. 1396/32806 from the Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU), Tehran, Iran. We also appreciate the Student Research Committee, Research & Technology Chancellor and Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences in SBMU for their financial support of this study.