Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Hebrew version of the Injustice Experience Questionnaire – long and short versions

Abstract

Purpose

To translate, validate, and culturally adapt the Injustice Experience Questionnaire (IEQ) and IEQ Short Form (IEQ-SF) into Hebrew, as measuring tools for examining feelings of injustice in cases of accidents and chronic pain.

Methods

The translation was performed in several steps following the cross-cultural adaptation process. A sample of 150 patients suffering from traumatic injury fill out a battery of questionnaires: IEQ, IEQ-SF, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), and Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), which were used for calculating construct validity. A test–retest was performed on 41 patients.

Results

The IEQ and IEQ-SF found Cronbach's alpha of 0.92 and 0.84, respectively. Test–retest reliability for IEQ (ICC: 0.94) was found to be excellent. Spearman’s correlation coefficient between IEQ and PCS was 0.68, NPRS (severe pain: 0.45, average pain: 0.51), HADS (anxiety: 0.62, depression: 0.60). The correlation between IEQ-SF and PCS was 0.67, with HADS (anxiety: 0.52, depression: 0.48). A weak correlation was found for NPRS (severe pain: 0.30, average pain: 0.34).

Conclusions

The Israeli translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the IEQ and IEQ-SF questionnaires were found to be valid and reliable.

Implications for rehabilitation

• The perception of injustice is a significant mental and psychological factor for recovery after accidents and injuries.

• This study translated, validated and culturally adapted the Injustice Experience Questionnaire (IEQ) and the short form into Hebrew.

• The questionnaires were found to be valid and reliable in Hebrew.

Keywords:

• Hebrew
• injustice
• Injustice Experience Questionnaire
• validation
• IEQ short version

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank participating physical therapists for their contribution. Special acknowledge to Hadas Kahalani, the Physical therapy district managers from Dan-Petah-Tikvah districts, and Igal Levran, chief physical therapist of Clalit Health Services. We thank Pavel Freidlin for the statistical analysis.

Ethics approval: Approval for the study was received by the Helsinki Committee of Clalit Health Services at Meir Medical Center, number 0007-19 COM1.

Consent to participate and for publication: Completion of the questionnaire was anonymous. The participants gave their consent to participate, and were not paid for participation. The questionnaires were filled in privacy.

Authors contributions

Y.P., N.B.A., T.P., and M.S. conceived the original idea and planned the experiments. Y.P. and N.B.A. carried out the experiment, performed the analytic calculations and N.B.A. and T.P. supervised the project. Y.P. wrote the manuscript with support from N.B.A, T.P., and M.S. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript.

Disclosure statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.