Barriers and facilitators associated with musculoskeletal complaints in individuals with upper limb absence – focus group results and a scoping review

Abstract

Purpose

To guide better prevention and treatment and to develop research priorities, this study aims to create an overview of facilitators and barriers for the development and persistence of musculoskeletal complaints (MSCs) in individuals with upper limb absence (ULA).

Methods

Exploratory mixed methods design. A focus group (FG) was organized with individuals with ULA about MSCs and associated factors. An inductive approach was employed to the transcript and the studies. A scoping review was performed to systematically identify barriers and facilitators. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health was used to create an integrated overview of the results.

Results

Eleven participants participated in the FG, eight of them currently sustained or had sustained MSCs in the last year. Ten studies were included in the scoping review. The final overview consisted of 67 associated factors. Participants of the FG predominantly mentioned psychosocial factors, whereas the literature dominantly reported biomechanical factors.

Conclusions

The extensive overview of 67 factors showed that facilitators and barriers for MSCs are heterogeneous and aids in a better understanding of the complex nature of MSCs. Several biomechanical and psychosocial factors contribute to MSCs, but the association with a prosthesis remains unclear.

Implications for rehabilitation

• Musculoskeletal complaints (MSCs) are highly prevalent in the population with upper limb absence (ULA) and the overview of 67 factors could help in the prevention and treatment of MSCs.

• Psychosocial factors in the development and persistence of MSCs are underreported in literature, but are important contributors to MSCs according to patients.

• Wearing a prosthesis does not seem to be protective for the development or persistence of MSCs.

• Social support, especially from significant others and employers, is essential to help protect MSCs in those with ULA.

Keywords:

• Musculoskeletal complaints
• upper limb absence
• ICF
• associated factors
• patient’s perspectives
• rehabilitation

Correction Statement

This article has been corrected with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the focus group members for their valuable time and contributions. The authors would also like to thank S. van Twillert for moderating the focus group. Furthermore, the authors would like to thank M.A. de Bruin for her contribution as second assessor, helping with the coding and reviewing process.

Disclosure statement

S.G. Postema, M.F. Reneman, and C.K. van der Sluis were authors of one of the included studies in the scoping review. To prevent competing interests, that study was assessed by the other reviewers. The authors report no conflict of interest.