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INTRODUCTION

A Successful Failure? The Contested Implications of Germany's Federal Reforms

Pages 408-423 | Published online: 01 Dec 2008
 

Abstract

The article uses the German government's ‘Response to the Interpellation of the FDP Party Group’ in late March 2008 for two main purposes: to provide insights not only regarding the ‘official’ political assessment of the reform (which is much too optimistic), but also empirical data on the revised Basic Law. Essentially, even though Article 84, Paragraph 1 has been reformed, articles that still require Bundesrat consent account for almost half of all federal laws. In fact, this article shows that other articles unaffected by the 2006 reforms essentially replace Article 84, Paragraph 1. That is, they still make it necessary for legislative acts to obtain Bundesrat consent. These elements of the Basic Law are effectively ‘catch-all elements’ (Auffangtatbestände) following the abolition of the old Article 84. This contribution further shows that the laws subject to Bundesrat consent on account of these remaining ‘catch-all elements’ regulate highly contested subjects, while legislation that no longer requires Bundesrat consent is politically uncontested. The implication is that there is good reason to believe that this reform will collapse under ‘divided government’ – ironically the situation under which the reform was intended to provide the most benefit.

Notes

I would like to thank Jared Sonnicksen, whose efforts to improve my English will hopefully turn out to be more successful than the federal reforms themselves.

H. Georgii and S. Borhanian, ‘Zustimmungsgesetze nach der Föderalismusreform: Wie hätte sich der Anteil der Zustimmungsgesetze verändert, wenn die vorgeschlagene Reform bereits 1998 in Kraft gewesen wäre?’, Wissenschaftliche Dienste des Deutschen Bundestages, Vol. WD 3-37/06 and 123/06 (Berlin 2006).

F.W. Scharpf, ‘Nicht genutzte Chancen der Föderalismusreform’, in Christoph Egle and Reimut Zohlnhöfer (eds.), Ende des rot-grünen Projektes. Eine Bilanz der Regierung Schröder 2002–2005 (Wiesbaden: VS-Verlag, 2007), p.201; Simone Burkhart and Philipp Manow, ‘Was bringt die Föderalismusreform? Wahrscheinliche Effekte der geänderten Zustimmungspflicht’, MPIfG Working Paper 06/6 (Köln 2006).

H. Risse, ‘Zur Entwicklung der Zustimmungsbedürftigkeit von Bundesgesetzen nach der Föderalismusreform 2006’, Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 4/38 (2007), pp.707–12; Marcus Höreth, ‘Zur Zustimmungsbedürftigkeit von Bundesgesetzen: Eine kritische Bilanz nach einem Jahr Föderalismusreform I’, Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 4/38 (2007), pp.712–33.

Bundesregierung, Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Große Anfrage der Abgeordneten Ernst Burgbacher, Dr. Volker Wissing, Dr. Max Stadler, weiterer Abgeordneter und der Fraktion der FDP. Auswirkungen der ersten Stufe der Föderalismusreform, BT-Drs. 16/8688 (2 April 2008).

See Gerhard Lehmbruch, Parteienwettbewerb im Bundesstaat. Regelsysteme und Spannungslagen im Institutionengefüge der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 3rd edition (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 2000); T. Bräuninger and T. König, ‘The Checks and Balances of Party Federalism: German Federal Government in a Divided Legislature’, European Journal of Political Research 36 (1999), pp.207–34.

Bundesregierung, Antwort auf die Große Anfrage, p.3.

Höreth, ‘Zustimmungsbedürftigkeit’, p.730.

Fritz W. Scharpf, Games Real Actors Play: Actor-Centered Institutionalism in Policy Research (Boulder, CO: West view Press, 1997).

Höreth, ‘Zustimmungsbedürftigkeit’, p.717.

My assumption on the politically controversial character of the question of whether a law requires the Bundesrat consent or not is empirically supported by Simone Burkhart. Following her calculations, the approval requirement was contested in 6.1 per cent of all cases between 1972 and 2005. In the periods under unified government this was only the case in 3.6 per cent of all laws. Under divided government this rate was 6.6 per cent.

Interestingly enough, this view is not shared by the federal government. Therefore, I checked whether the norms that would have triggered the consent requirement in these laws under old law were integrated into the acts at a later point of time. In fact, this was the case with three acts, while in all other cases these norms were integrated from the beginning of the legislative process by the initiating government.

There is absolutely no evidence that the administration anticipated the reform before its adoption.

Bundesgesetzblatt (BGBl). I, p.2913.

Ibid., p.3291.

Ibid., p.3316.

Ibid., p.3439.

Ibid., p.2.

Ibid., p.58.

Ibid., p.314.

Ibid., p.358.

Ibid., p.370.

Ibid., p.542.

Ibid., p.600.

Ibid., p.666.

Ibid., p.748.

Ibid., p.757.

Ibid., p.986.

Ibid., p.1002.

Ibid., p.1034.

Ibid., p.1066.

Ibid., p.1270.

Ibid., p.1330.

Ibid., p.1566.

Ibid., p.1574.

Fritz Gernot, Die Teilung von Bundesgesetzen: Die rechtliche Zulässigkeit der Aufspaltung von Gesetzesentwürfen des Bundes in zustimmungsbedürftige und zustimmungsfreie Teile (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1982).

German Federal Constitutional Court (BVerfG), Decision of 10 Dec. 1980 (BVerfGE 55, 274, 323 – Berufsausbildungsabgabe).

Ausschuss für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung, Beschlussempfehlung und Bericht des Ausschusses vom 08.11.2006, Drucksache 16/3308, p.7.

Innenausschuss des Bundestages, Beschlussempfehlung und Bericht des Innenausschusses vom 29.11.2006, Drucksache 16/3642, p.8.

Ausschuss für Wirtschaft und Technologie, Beschlussempfehlung und Bericht des Ausschusses vom 08.11.2006, Drucksache 16/3305, p.3.

BverfG, Decision of 9 July 1969 (BVerfGE 26, 298 – Gebührenpflicht bei Bundesbahn und Bundespost), p.298.

Rechtssausschuss des Bundestages, Beschlussempfehlung und Bericht des Rechtssausschusses vom 13.12.2006, Drucksache 16/3843, p.4.

BGBl. I, p.2255.

Bundesregierung, Gesetzentwurf der Bundesregierung (WRMG), Bundesrat-Drucksache 677/06 (22 Sept. 2006), p.2.

BVerfG, Decision of 14 July 1959 (BVerfGE 10, 20 – Preußischer Kulturbesitz), p.49.

BGBl. I, p.705.

Olaf Zimmermann and Gabriele Schulz (eds), Entwurf eines Dritten Gesetzes zur Änderung des Künstersozailversicherungsgesetzes. Hintergründe und aktuelle Anforderungen (Berlin: Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales 2007), available at http://www.kulturrat.de/dokumente/Dokumente/ksvg-hintergrund.pdf, p.17, accessed 24 October 2008.

See in more detail BverfG, Decision of 8 April 1987 (BVerfGE 75, 108 – Künstlersozialversicherungsgesetz), p.151; BverfG, Decision of 10 Dec. 1980 (BVerfGE 55, 274 – Berufsausbildungsabgabe), p.320.

Bundesrat, Empfehlung des Ausschusses für Arbeit und Sozialpolitik (Bundesrat-Drucksache 3/1/07), 2007, p.1.

BverfG, Decision of 12 November 1958 (BVerfGE 8, 274 – Preisgesetz), p.294; BverfG, Decision of 25 June 1974 (BVerfGE 37, 363 – Bundesrat), p.381; BverfG, Decision of 10 December 1980 (BVerfGE 55, 274 – Berufsausbildungsabgabe), p.319.

See BverfG, Decision of 17 July 2002 (BVerfGE 105, 313 – Lebenspartnerschaftsgesetz), p.339.

Bundesregierung, Entwurf zum Gesetz zur Änderung medizinproduktrechtlicher und anderer Vorschriften, Bundesrat-Drucksache 4/07 (5 Jan. 2007), p.2.

This has been expected by political elites for a long time. See B. Zypries Lecture on 29 Nov. 2003 in Bonn at the Conference on Federal Reform, by the Institute of Political Science of University of Bonn and Friedrich Naumann Foundation, published in: Frank Decker (ed.), Föderalismus an der Wegscheide. Optionen und Perspektiven einer Reform der bundesstaatlichen Ordnung (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag, 2004), pp.19–27, at p.24.

What makes this percentage even more plausible is that it is near the real percentage of consent requiring laws during the complete 15th legislative period of the red–green federal government (2002–5) that was 50.65 per cent (195 out of 385 officially proclaimed laws). If the law-maker would have followed the legal standpoint of the opposition in all these cases (that was evidently not in the interest of the former federal government) this percentage would have been 56.88 per cent (219 out of 385 officially proclaimed laws). I thank the German Bundestag for providing me with these data.

The barring clause in Article 84, Paragraph 1, Clauses 5 and 6 states: ‘In exceptional cases, the Federation may, because of particular need for federal uniformity, adopt regulation without the power of the Länder to deviate. These statutes require approval by the Bundesrat.’

Höreth, ‘Zustimmungsbedürftigkeit’, p.731.

The following research is based on the internet documentation ‘Stand der Gesetzgebung’ (GESTA), available at http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/gesta/16/Sachregister.pdf, accessed 24 October 2008.

‘Second Act to Modernise the Judiciary’ (BGBl. I, p.3416); ‘Third Act Amending the Wine Law’ (BGBl. I, p.753); ‘Act to Protect against the Dangers of Passive Smoking’ (BGBl. I, p.1595).

‘Act establishing German Real Estate Stock Corporations with Listed Shares’ (BGBl. I, p.914); ‘Eighth Act Amending the Insurance Supervisory Act and amending the Financial Services Supervisory Act and other Provisions’ (BGBl. I, p.923).

‘Act to Reform the Law of Civil Status’ (BGBl. I, p.122).

‘Act to Strengthen the Competition in the Statutory Health Insurance’ (BGBl. I, p.378); ‘Act to Adjust Pension Entry Age according to Demographic Changes and to Strengthen the Financial Base of the Statutory Pension Insurance Fund’ (BGBl. I, s.554); ‘Third Act on Improving Provisions on Legal Rehabilitation of Political Expellees’ (BGBl. I, p.2118).

‘Act pertaining to the Aarhus Convention of 25 June 1998 on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters’ (BGBl. II, p.1291).

I thank Fritz W. Scharpf for this information.

See for more details on the reformers' intention, Dieter Hömig, Grundgesetz, 8th edition (Baden-Baden: Nomos-Verlag, 2007), p.481.

Here I follow the argument of R. Zohlnhöfer, ‘Föderalismusreform und die Entwicklung der Zustimmungsbedürftigkeit von Bundesgesetzen. Versuch einer Klärung’, Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 2/39 (2008), pp.415–19, at p.418.

W. Ismayr, ‘Gesetzgebung im politischen System Deutschlands’, in Wolfgang Ismayr (ed.), Gesetzgebung in Westeuropa. EU-Staaten und Europäische Union (Wiesbaden: VS-Verlag, 2008), p.403.

Some very controversial examples are: The ‘Act to Strengthen the Competition in the Statutory Health Insurance’ that was adopted after a very intense debate with a recorded vote (with 378 vs. 206 votes, 8 abstentions) and the ‘Act to Adjust Pension Entry Age according to Demographic Changes and to Strengthen the Financial Base of the Statutory Pension Insurance Fund’ that was adopted with a recorded vote (with 408 vs. 169 votes, 4 abstentions). Also very controversial were the ‘Second Act to Modernise the Judiciary’ as well as the ‘Third Act on Improving Provisions on Legal Rehabilitation of Political Expellees’ that both were adopted after a ‘nasty’ debate in parliament against the votes of the opposition. A comprehensive parliamentarian debate preceded the adoption (partially against the votes of the opposition parties) of the ‘Third Act Amending the Wine Law’, the ‘Act establishing German Real Estate Stock Corporations with Listed Shares’, the ‘Act to Protect against the Dangers of Passive Smoking’ and, finally, the ‘Act to Reform the Law of Civil Status’.

See S. Ganghof, ‘Strategische Uneinigkeit? Methodische Probleme und normative Implikationen von analytischen Erzählungen über Reformblockaden’, Jahrbuch für Handlungs- und Entscheidungstheorie 4 (2006), pp.151–77.

Bundesregierung, Antwort auf die Große Anfrage, p.3.

See for this argument: H. Meyer, ‘Einige U¨berlegungen zum Entwurf einer Verfassungsänderung. Stellungnahme vor dem Rechtsausschuss des Bundestages’ (2006); C. Möllers, ‘Stichpunkte zur Anhörung Föderalismusreform. Allgemeiner Teil, Rechtsausschuss des Bundestages, Stellungnahme’ (2006) and U. Münch, ‘Schriftliche Stellungnahme zur Anhörung des Rechtsausschusses des Deutschen Bundestages zum Thema “Föderalismusreform” am 15. Mai 2006’, all available at http://www.bundestag.de/ausschuesse/a06/foederalismusreform/anhoerung/01_Allgemeiner_Teil/Stellungnahmen/index.html, accessed 24 October 2008.

F.W. Scharpf, ‘Föderalismusreform: Weshalb wurde so wenig erreicht?’, Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte 50 (2006), pp.6–12, at p.6.

BGBl. I, p.378.

H. Scheller, ‘Die Reform der Finanzverfassung’, Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte B 50 (2006), pp.24–30.

Höreth, ‘Zustimmungsbedürftigkeit’, p.732.

Burkhart and Manow, ‘Was bringt die Föderalismusreform?’, p.6.

Thomas König and Thomas Bräuninger, ‘Gesetzgebung im Föderalismus’, Speyerer Forschungsberichte, No.237, Forschungsinstitut für öffentliche Verwaltung bei der deutschen Hochschule für Verwaltungswissenschaften, Speyer 2005, p.57.

See P. Manow and S. Burkhart, ‘Government's Legislative Self-Restraint under Divided Government: Evidence from the German Case, 1976–2002’, Legislative Studies Quarterly 2/32 (2007), pp.167–92.

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