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Notes
The Communist Party of Yugoslavia (Komunistička partija Jugoslavije, KPJ) changed its name to the SKJ in 1952 during its Sixth Party Congress as a result of the Tito–Stalin split and confrontation with the Cominform.
Ivan Fumić, the former president of the League of Antifascist Fighters of Croatia (Savez antifašističkih boraca Hrvatske), claimed there were 670 Croats who fought in Spain (Ivan Fumić, interview with author in Zagreb, Croatia, 5 September 2000). Ivo Goldstein asserts 700 were from Croatia (Goldstein Citation2003, p. 260). Stanislava Koprivica-Oštrić, relying on Spanish statistics of the 129th International Brigade, notes that out of 1,052 Yugoslav volunteers, 528 (or 48%), were Croats, compared to 254 Slovenes and 199 Serbs (Koprivica-OštrićCitation1989, p. 146).
Lazar Udovički, the president of the Association of Spanish Veterans in the 1980s, said 56 Španci had been declared as People's Heroes (Intervju (Politika), 13 May 1983). There were a total of 1,322 People's Heroes named between 1942 and 1974, 21.9% of them from Croatia (Narodni Citation1983).
Ćopić was executed after being summoned to Moscow in the summer of 1938 (probably due to Stalin's purges of KPJ personnel and not because of his leadership on the battlefield), but was rehabilitated in 1958 (Kraljic Citation1999, pp. 8–9).
Maks Baće, interview with author, Split, Croatia, 14 November 2003.
Maks Baće, interview with author, Split, Croatia, 14 November 2003. Like the German, Italian and Austrian volunteers who came from countries with pro-Franco regimes, the Yugoslavs had been stripped of their citizenship and were unable to return to Yugoslavia when the International Brigades were disbanded in October 1938; so they kept fighting with regular Republican troops until retreating into France in February 1939. Much of the time in the camps was spent on political work using communist materials sent along with aid packages or smuggled in with the help of the French Communist Party.
New York Times, 16 November 1957.
Los Angeles Times, 28 January 1977.
Archive of Bosnia–Herzegovina (ABiH, Arhiv Bosne i Hercegovine), Collection Čedo Kapor, doc. II-2/4, minutes of meeting of steering committee held in Belgrade, 20 December 1971.
ABiH, Collection Čedo Kapor, doc. II-3/405, letter to CK SKJ, 22 October 1984, pp. 2–3.
ABiH, Collection Čedo Kapor, doc. II-3/405, letter to CK SKJ, 22 October 1984, p. 4.
Oslobođenje, 23 October 1984.
ABiH, Collection Čedo Kapor, doc. II-2/33, transcript of meeting of the steering committee Association of Yugoslav Volunteers of the Spanish Republican Army on 11 December 1984, p. 3.
Danas, 30 October 1984.
Danas, 30 October 1984.
ABiH, Collection Čedo Kapor, doc. II-2/31, transcript of meeting between CK SKJ and the Association of Spanish Veterans, held in Belgrade, 29 October 1984, pp. 1–2.
ABiH, Collection Čedo Kapor, doc. II-2/31, transcript of meeting between CK SKJ and the Association of Spanish Veterans, held in Belgrade, 29 October 1984, p. 3.
ABiH, Collection Čedo Kapor, doc. II-2/32, transcript of meeting between CK SKJ and the Association of Spanish Veterans, held in Belgrade, 5 November 1984, pp. 1–3.
Vjesnik, 8 November 1984.
ABiH, Collection Čedo Kapor, doc. II-2/33, transcript of meeting of steering committee of the Association of Spanish Veterans, held in Belgrade, 11 December 1984, pp. 2–5.
ABiH, Collection Čedo Kapor, doc. II-2/34, report of a meeting with representatives of the Association of Spanish Veterans and members of the Central Committee, held in Belgrade, 7 January 1985, pp. 2–3.
While Tito did contribute three articles on Spain in the November 1936 issue of Proleter, Gorkić penned many others, including ‘Što nas Španjolska uči' [‘What Spain Teaches Us’] (1936, p. 1); ‘Naši pali borci u Španjolskoj’[‘Our Fallen Soldiers in Spain’] (1937a, p. 1); and ‘Režim Stojadinovića i Španjolska’[‘The Stojadinović Regime and Spain’] (1937b, p. 4).
Vjesnik, 1 December 1986.
Benyovsky quotes Knezević and Pavičić from an interview in Vjesnik (19 December 1986), where they explain how the conditions facing volunteers fighting in Spain (evading police, living in internment camps, illegal border crossings back into Yugoslavia) meant few artifacts from that period survived into the present.
Komunist, 4 July 1986.
ABiH, Collection Čedo Kapor, doc. II-2/37, meeting of the steering committee of the Association of Spanish Veterans, 12 June 1987.
ABiH, Collection Čedo Kapor, doc. II-3/548.
ABiH, Collection Čedo Kapor, doc. II-3/598, annual meeting of the Association of Spanish Veterans, 23 October 1989.
ABiH, Collection Čedo Kapor, doc. II-3/587, letter to the Presidency of the SFRJ and SKJ Central Committee, 6 March 1989.