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Notes
1No parties were officially represented in the republics of Bashkortostan, Buryatiya, Dagestan; Primorskii Krai; Amur, Chel'yabinsk, Chita, Kostroma, Magadan, Novgorod and Perm Oblasti; Komi-Permiyak, Nenetsk, Taimyr, Khanty-Mansi, Chukotka and Evenk autonomous okrugi.
2Golosov found that of the 3,420 deputies elected to regional assemblies over the period August 1995–July 1999, 636 (18.6%) were members of political parties. Communists comprised 67% of party members (Golosov Citation2004, p. 150).
3Federal Law of the Russian Federation, 12 June 2002, No. 67, ‘Ob osnovnykh garantiyakh izbiratel'nykh prav i prava na uchastie v referendume grazhdan Rossiiskoi Federtatsii', Sobranie Zakonodatel'stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii, no. 24, item 2253, 2002. This law came into force in July 2003.
4The other regions which have adopted full proportional systems are: St Petersburg, Dagestan, Chechnya, Ingushetiya, Kabardino-Balkariya, Kalmykiya, Amur, Moscow, Tula Oblasti and the Nenetskii Autonomous Okrug.
5Federal Law, 11 July 2001, No. 95, ‘O politicheskikh partiyakh’, Sobranie Zakonodatel'stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii, no. 29, 16 July 2001, article 2950.
6Federal Law, 20 December 2004, No. 168, ‘O vnesenii izmeneni v Federal'nyi zakon “O politicheskikh partiyakh”’, Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 24 December 2004.
7Federal Law, 21 July 2005, No. 93, ‘O vnesenii izmenenii v zakonodatel'nye akty Rossiiskoi Federatsii, “O vyborakh i referendymakh i inye zakondatel'nye akty Rossiiskii Federatsii”’, Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 26 July 2005. This law limited the electoral threshold to 7%. In line with the new legislation, Moscow Oblast' and Samara raised their electoral thresholds from 4% to 7%; Ingushetiya, Kareliya, Komi, Tuva, Chuvashiya, Primorskii Krai, Astrakhan, Kurgan, Lipetsk, Murmansk, Novgorod, Orel, Pskov, Sverdlovsk, Tver’, Tomsk, Tyumen, Chita and the Jewish Autonomous Oblast’, raised their barriers from 5% to 7%. Saratov raised its barrier from 4% to 5%. In 2006 the republics of Dagestan, Kalmykiya, and Moscow City lowered their barriers from 10% to 7% (Ivanchenko & Lyubarev Citation2006, p. 17).
8Federal Law, 27 July 2006, No. 148, ‘O vnesenii izmenenii v stat'i 1 i 15 Federal'novo Zakona, N. 114, 25 Iyulya 2002, “O protivodeistvii ekstremistskoi deyatel'nosti”’, Rossiskaya gazeta, 9 July 2006.
9The variation coefficient is a standard deviation multiplied by the mean. Low < 0.3, Medium = 0.3–0.5, High > 0.5.
10Federal Law, 28 April 2009, No. 75, ‘O vnesenii izmenenii v Federal'nyi zakon “O politicheskikh partiyakh” v svyazi s poetapnym snizheniem minimal'noi chislennosti chlenov politicheskikh partii’, Rossiskaya Gazeta, 5 May 2009. See http://www.rg.ru/2009/05/05/partii-dok.html, accessed 7 June 2010.
11Federal Law, 9 February 2009, N3-F3, ‘O vnesenii izmenenii v otdel'nye zakonodatel'nye akty Rossiiskoi Federatsii v svyazi s otmenoi ozbiratel'nogo zaloga pri provedenii vyborov’, Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 11 February 2009.
