Abstract
This essay examines newspaper narratives depicting model youth in Komsomol'skaya Pravda in the early 1960s in order to cast light on the Party-state's efforts in the Khrushchev years to use the press as a means of re-energising the drive to forge model communist citizens. In contrast to most studies of Soviet media, this study offers a glimpse of the reception of official signals, by drawing on sociological studies that Komsomol'skaya Pravda conducted of its readers in the early 1960s. Throughout, the paper explores recent scholarly discussions of resistance, conformism and agency in the Soviet context.
Notes
I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to Donald J. Raleigh, who read and commented on early drafts of this essay, as well as the two anonymous reviewers and the editorial board of Europe-Asia Studies, whose comments on the final stages of this manuscript enabled a substantially stronger final product.
2 By using the term ‘Party-state’, I refer, following Crowley and Reid (Citation2010), both to government structures and Soviet social organisations managed by the Party, such as the Komsomol and trade unions. On the state's low priority for youth in the post-war Stalin era, particularly in the context of the wartime devastation of mechanisms and institutions oriented at social control and youth mobilisation, see Fürst (Citation2010, pp. 1–31). On the focus on reconstruction and mobilisation for war in this period, see Zubkova (Citation1998), Filtzer (Citation2006), Jones (Citation2001) and Fitzpatrick (Citation1985).
4 While recognising the debate over the use of the term ‘Thaw’, I use it as the best means of conveying the sense of quickening change during the post-Stalin years. See Bittner (Citation2008, pp. 1–13) and Condee (Citation2000).
5 On attempting to achieve a communist everyday life by reforming criminals, see Dobson (Citation2006, Citation2009). On instilling communist morality, see Field (Citation2007). On forging a new, communist home life, see Varga-Haris (Citation2006).
6 The Komsomol, the Soviet mass organisation for those aged 14–28 dedicated to socialising youth, grew rapidly in the 1950s, with participation essential for attending college or joining the Party (see Kassof Citation1965, pp. 14–18).
7 Read by publicly engaged youth and some adults, this paper had a daily press run of six million in 1961 (see Vsesoyuznaya knizhnaya palata Citation1967, p. 9).
8 I define ‘identity’ as one's individual worldview and values.
9 For Khrushchev-era press and social control, see Tsipursky (Citation2008). On the press in earlier periods, see Brooks (2008) and Dobrenko (Citation2004).
11 For the gaps between the public discourse and its appropriation by individuals, see Bakhtin (Citation1981, pp. 259–422) and de Certeau (Citation1984, pp. 29–42).
12 See, among many others, Edelman (Citation2009), Davies (Citation1997), Baron (Citation2001), Fitzpatrick (Citation1999, pp. 115–38), Viola (Citation1996, pp. 45–66), Kotkin (Citation1995, pp. 198–237) and Malia (Citation1994, pp. 227–350).
13 A good discussion of the problems inherent in using private sources such as letters to Party officials is given in Dobson (Citation2009, pp. 11–12).
14 My understanding of the concept of agency is most influenced by Grossberg (Citation1992, pp. 113–27) and Appadurai (Citation1996, pp. 5–11).
15 I place ‘western’ in quotation marks and do not capitalise western Europe, as doing so functions to homogenise a widely varied set of historical experiences, and makes problematic claims to an inherent separation between ‘western’ and ‘eastern’ (see Lewis & Wigen Citation1997, pp. 1–9; Said Citation1979, pp. 1–30). On the concept of resistance in the Soviet context see the following discussion forum: Viola (Citation2000), Krylova (Citation2000) and Hellbeck (Citation2000); also see Brown (Citation2005, pp. 1–17) and Tsipursky (Citation2012).
16 For post-war Soviet youth engaging in non-conformist, ‘westernised’ cultural practices, see: Fürst (2006d), Fitzpatrick (Citation2006), Zhuk (Citation2010), Risch (Citation2005), Edele (Citation2002), Pilkington (Citation1994) and Tsipursky (Citation2013b). On youth hooliganism, see Fürst (Citation2006b), Kozlov (Citation2002) and LaPierre (Citation2012). On youth political non-conformism, see Zubkova (Citation1998, pp. 130–38), Fürst (Citation2006a), Alekseeva and Goldberg (Citation1990), Lebina (Citation2008) and Tsipursky (Citation2011).
17 An exception is Silina (Citation2004) who used archival reports to examine the mood of Soviet college students, but those aspects of her study focusing on youth conformism are vulnerable to the criticism expressed by Sarah Davies, as the students expressing conformist opinions may have held back their true viewpoints. Zubok (Citation2009) focuses on the intelligentsia rather than ordinary youth. Yurchak (Citation2006) mentions such youth, but mainly using sources from the post-Khrushchev era.
18 As did all Soviet newspapers, according to Brooks (Citation2008, p. 6).
19 Most often, Komsomol'skaya Pravda's own journalists wrote these morality tales, as one among many genres of newspaper articles. Sometimes, local-level Komsomol officials related these accounts, although we lack information on whether Komsomol'skaya Pravda commissioned them to write the stories or they chose to do so out of their own initiative.
20 For more on such signalling, see Martin (Citation2001, pp. 22–23).
21 On private and public in the USSR, see Siegelbaum (Citation2006a). Also see Crowley and Reid (2010).
22 ‘Tochnii instrument’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 1 January 1959.
23 ‘Tak my zhivem, tak my khotim zhit'’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 1 March 1959. For similar messages, see ‘Krasnye platki’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 16 January 1959, and ‘O dvukh meshkakh s den'gami’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 1 January 1959.
24 ‘Glavnaya splavka’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 1 January 1959.
26 ‘O dvukh meshkakh s den'gami’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 1 January 1959.
27 ‘Tak my zhivem, tak my khotim zhit'’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 1 March 1959.
28 On the emphasis of preparedness for self-sacrifice on the battlefront in Stalinist rhetoric for young people, see Krylova (Citation2010, pp. 35–86).
30 ‘Khoroshie trudovye biografii’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 11 January 1959.
31 ‘Glavnaya splavka’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 1 January 1959.
32 ‘Krasnye platki’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 16 January 1959. See also ‘Khoroshie trudovye biografii’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 11 January 1959.
33 ‘O dvukh meshkakh s den'gami’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 1 January 1959.
34 ‘Tak my zhivem, tak my khotim zhit'’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 1 March 1959.
35 ‘Khoroshie trudovye biografii’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 11 January 1959.
36 ‘Prikhodite zavtra v “Vesnu”’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 14 January 1961; on youth cafes, see Zubok (Citation2009, pp. 193–224) and Stites (Citation1992, pp. 123–47).
37 ‘Komsomol'skomu tovarishchu’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 18 February 1964.
38 ‘V krivom zerkale’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 16 January 1959.
39 ‘Komsomol'skoe spasibo’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 3 January 1959.
40 ‘Privet, velikaya semiletka’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 1 January 1959.
41 For more on the use of patriotism and nationalism for political mobilisations in the Soviet Union, see Brandenberger (Citation2002).
42 ‘Krasnye platki’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 16 January 1959.
43 ‘Vokrug Yury’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 10 June 1962; see also on rehabilitating adolescents: ‘On byl “trudnym” mal'chikom’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 16 February 1960. For more on the use of rehabilitation to deal with youth misbehaviour, see Dobson (Citation2009, pp. 133–55).
45 ‘Nas mnogo, my vmeste’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 9 January 1959.
46 ‘Svideteli’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 9 January 1959.
47 ‘Yavnyi musor’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 3 January 1959.
48 For more on Party efforts to manage tastes in these years, see Reid (Citation2002).
49 ‘Triumfal'naya “Nulevka”’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 17 June 1962.
50 ‘Nash katok’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 1 January 1959. On censuring stilyagi, also see ‘Okhotniki za podtyazhkami’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 1 July 1960; ‘Krakh firmy “London”’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 21 January 1962; ‘Zhalkie rytsari rezinovoi zhvachki’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 16 January 1959.
51 ‘Korol' stilyag idet na fabriku’, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 9 December 1958.
52 On the relative lack of censure of stilyagi and hooligans in the federal-level youth press under Stalin, see Fürst (Citation2010, pp. 167–249).
53 On the Third Party Program, see Titov (Citation2009). For more on the Moral Code and its implementation, see Field (Citation2007).
54 Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv sotsial'no-politicheskoi istorii (RGASPI), fond (archive) M-1, opis' (subsection) 3, delo (file) 880, list (page) 38.
55 RGASPI, f. M-1, op. 32, d. 821, ll. 50–55.
56 The decree is reprinted in Afiani and Afanas'eva (Citation1998, p. 43).
57 On the journalists of Komsomol'skaya Pravda, see Wolfe (Citation2005, pp. 33–70).
58 Grushin saved a large portion of the documents from these investigations, including much of the raw survey results, in his private archive. After the Soviet demise and therefore freed from censorship, he published many of these documents in book form, with a description of the survey methodology, detailed breakdowns of responses and extensive representative quotes, making this volume an excellent primary source (Grushin Citation2001, pp. 44–68).
59 The capitalisation was in the original survey itself. For the publications that resulted from these surveys in the newspaper, see: Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 6 January 1961; 11 January 1961; 26 January 1961; 24 February 1961; 16 March 1961; 28 April 1961; 1 March 1963; 17 March 1963; 12 April 1963; 18 June 1963.
61 For the argument that victory in World War II represented a more important source of legitimacy than the October Revolution for most Soviet citizens, see Weiner (Citation2001, pp. 7–40).
62 Jeffrey Brooks argued that Soviet citizens had to perform officially acceptable behaviour in order to avoid repression (Brooks Citation2008, pp. 54–92). On Soviet citizens ‘speaking Bolshevik’ as a means of benefiting themselves in the Soviet system, see Kotkin (Citation1995, pp. 198–237).
63 On an in-depth exploration of female youth in the 1930s willingly accepting the goal of preparing themselves for war to defend the Soviet Union, and showing agency in the process, see Krylova (Citation2010, pp. 33–82). While not explicitly investigating youth agency as such, Benjamin Tromly shows how, in the Khrushchev years, the early period of construction brigades travelling to the Virgin Lands relied on initiative from below (Tromly Citation2007, pp. 370–424).
David-Fox
,
M.
1997
.
Revolution of the Mind: Higher Learning among the Bolsheviks, 1918–1929
,
Ithaca, NY
:
Cornell University Press
.
Halfin
,
I.
2000
.
From Darkness to Light: Class, Consciousness, and Salvation in Revolutionary Russia
,
Pittsburgh, PA
:
University of Pittsburgh Press
.
Konecny
,
P.
1999
.
Builders and Deserters: Students, State, and Community in Leningrad, 1917–1941
,
Montreal
:
McGill-Queen's University Press
.
Isaev
,
V. I.
2003
.
Molodezh' Sibiri v transformiruyushchemsya obshchestve: usloviya i mekhanizmy sotsializatsii (1920–1930-e gg.)
,
Novosibrisk
:
Gosudarstvennyi universitet Novosibirska
.
Attwood
,
L.
1990
.
The New Soviet Man and Woman: Sex-Role Socialization in the USSR
,
Bloomington, IN
:
Indiana University Press
.
Attwood
,
L.
2001
.
“
Women Workers at Play: The Portrayal of Leisure in the Magazine Rabotnitsa in the First Two Decades of Soviet Power
”
. In
Women in the Stalin Era
,
Edited by:
Ilic
,
M.
New York
:
Palgrave
.
Crowley
,
D.
and
Reid
,
S. E.
2010
.
“
Introduction: Pleasures in Socialism
”
. In
Pleasures in Socialism: Leisure and Luxury in the Eastern Bloc
,
Edited by:
Crowley
,
D.
and
Reid
,
S. E.
Evanston, IL
:
Northwestern University Press
.
Fürst
,
J.
2010
.
Stalin's Last Generation: Soviet Youth and the Emergence of Mature Socialism, 1945–56
,
Oxford
:
Oxford University Press
.
Zubkova
,
E. Iu.
1998
.
Russia after the War: Hopes, Illusions, and Disappointments, 1945–1957
,
Armonk, IL
:
M. E. Sharpe
.
Filtzer
,
D.
2006
.
“
Standard of Living versus Quality of Life: Struggling with the Urban Environment in Russia during the Early Years of Post-War Reconstruction
”
.
Edited by:
Fürst
,
J.
(2006d)
Jones
,
J. W.
2001
.
“People without a Definite Occupation”: The Illegal Economy and “Speculators” in Rostov-on-the-Don, 1943–48
”
. In
Provincial Landscapes: Local Dimensions of Soviet Power, 1917–1953
,
Edited by:
Raleigh
,
D. J.
Pittsburgh, PA
:
Pittsburgh University Press
.
Fitzpatrick
,
S.
1985
.
“
Postwar Soviet Society: The “Return to Normalcy”, 1945–1953
”
. In
The Impact of World War II on the Soviet Union
,
Edited by:
Linz
,
S. J.
Totowa, NJ
:
Rowman & Allanheld
.
Taubman
,
W.
2003
.
Khrushchev: The Man and His Era
,
New York
:
W.W. Norton
.
Jones
,
P.
2006a
.
“
The Dilemmas of De-Stalinisation
”
.
Edited by:
Jones
,
P.
(2006b)
Aksyutin
,
Yu. V.
2004
.
Khrushchevskaya ‘Ottepel'’ i obshchestvennye nastroeniya v SSSR v 1953–1964 gg
,
Moscow
:
ROSSPEN
.
Brusilovskaya
,
L. B.
2001
.
Kul'tura povsednevnosti v epokhu ‘ottepeli’: Metamorfozy stilya
,
Moscow
:
Izdatel'stvo URAO
.
Vail
,
P. L.
and
Genis
,
A. A.
1988
.
60-e. Mir sovetskogo cheloveka
,
Ann Arbor, MI
:
Ardis
.
Bittner
,
S.
2008
.
The Many Lives of Khrushchev's Thaw: Experience and Memory in Moscow's Arbat
,
Ithaca, NY
:
Cornell University Press
.
Condee
,
N.
2000
.
“
Uncles, Deviance, and Ritual Combat: The Cultural Codes of Khrushchev's Thaw
”
. In
The Khrushchev Era: A Reappraisal
,
Edited by:
Taubman
,
W.
,
Khrushchev
,
S.
and
Gleason
,
A.
New Haven, CT
:
Yale University Press
.
Dobson
,
M.
2006
.
“Show the Bandit-Enemies no Mercy!”: Amnesty, Criminality, and Public Response in 1953
”
.
Edited by:
Jones
,
P.
(2006b)
Dobson
,
M.
2009
.
Khrushchev's Cold Summer: Gulag Returnees, Crime, and the Fate of Reform after Stalin
,
Ithaca, NY
:
Cornell University Press
.
Field
,
D.
2007
.
Private Life and Communist Morality in Khrushchev's Russia
,
New York
:
Lang Publishing
.
Varga-Haris
,
C.
2006
.
“
Forging Citizenship on the Home Front: Reviving the Socialist Contract and Constructing Soviet Identity during the Thaw
”
.
Edited by:
Jones
,
P.
(2006b)
Kassof
,
A.
1965
.
The Soviet Youth Program: Regimentation and Rebellion
,
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
.
Vsesoyuznaya knizhnaya palata
.
1967
.
Letopis' periodicheskikh izdanii SSSR
,
Moscow
:
Izdatel'stvo ‘Kniga’
.
Tsipursky
,
F.
2008
.
Citizenship, Deviance, and Identity: Soviet Youth Newspapers as Agents of Social Control in the Thaw-Era Leisure Campaign
.
Cahiers du monde russe
,
49
(
4
)
Dobrenko
,
E.
2004
.
Socialism as Will and Representation, or What Legacy Are We Rejecting?
.
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
,
5
(
4
)
Grushin
,
B. A.
2001
.
Chetyre zhizni Rossii v zerkale oprosov obshchestvennogo mneniya: Ocherki massovogo soznaniya rossiyan vremen Khrushcheva, Brezhneva, Gorbacheva i Eltsina v 4-Kh Knigakh. Vol. 1, Zhizn' I-ya, epokha Khrushcheva
,
Moscow
:
Progress-Traditsiia
.
Shlapentokh
,
V.
1989
.
Public and Private Life of the Soviet People: Changing Values in Post-Stalin Russia
,
New York
:
Oxford University Press
.
Zuzanek
,
J.
1980
.
Work and Leisure in the Soviet Union: A Time-Budget Analysis
,
New York
:
Praeger
.
Bakhtin
,
M. M.
1981
.
The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays by M. M. Bakhtin
,
Austin, TX
:
University of Texas Press
.
de Certeau
,
M.
1984
.
The Practice of Everyday Life
,
Berkeley, CA
:
University of California Press
.
Edelman
,
R.
2009
.
Spartak Moscow: A History of the People's Team in the Worker's State
,
Ithaca, NY
:
Cornell University Press
.
Davies
,
S.
1997
.
Popular Opinion in Stalin's Russia: Terror, Propaganda, and Dissent, 1934–1941
,
New York
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Baron
,
S. H.
2001
.
Bloody Saturday in the Soviet Union: Novocherkassk, 1962
,
Stanford, CA
:
Stanford University Press
.
Fitzpatrick
,
S.
1999
.
Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s
,
New York
:
Oxford University Press
.
Viola
,
L.
1996
.
Peasant Rebels under Stalin: Collectivisation and the Culture of Peasant Resistance
,
New York
:
Oxford University Press
.
Kotkin
,
S.
1995
.
Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilisation
,
Berkeley, CA
:
University of California Press
.
Malia
,
M.
1994
.
The Soviet Tragedy: A History of Socialism in Russia, 1917–1991
,
New York
:
Free Press
.
Dobson
,
M.
2009
.
Khrushchev's Cold Summer: Gulag Returnees, Crime, and the Fate of Reform after Stalin
,
Ithaca, NY
:
Cornell University Press
.
Grossberg
,
L.
1992
.
We Gotta Get Out of This Place: Popular Conservatism and Postmodern Culture
,
New York
:
Routledge
.
Appadurai
,
A.
1996
.
Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalisation
,
Minneapolis, MN
:
University of Minnesota Press
.
Lewis
,
M. W.
and
Wigen
,
K. E.
1997
.
The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography
,
Berkeley, CA
:
University of California Press
.
Said
,
E.
1979
.
Orientalism
,
New York
:
Vintage Books
.
Viola
,
L.
2000
.
Popular Resistance in the Stalinist 1930s: Soliloquy of a Devil's Advocate
.
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
,
1
(
1
)
Krylova
,
A.
2000
.
The Tenacious Liberal Subject in Soviet Studies
.
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
,
1
(
1
)
Hellbeck
,
J.
2000
.
Speaking Out: Languages of Affirmation and Dissent in Stalinist Russia
.
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
,
1
(
1
)
Brown
,
K.
2005
.
A Biography of No Place: From Ethnic Borderland to Soviet Heartland
,
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
.
Tsipursky
,
G.
2012
.
Having Fun in the Thaw: Youth Initiative Clubs in the Post-Stalin Years
,
The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies no. 2201
Pittsburgh, PA
:
University of Pittsburgh Press
.
Fitzpatrick
,
S.
2006
.
Social Parasites: How Tramps, Idle Youth, and Busy Entrepreneurs Impeded the Soviet March to Communism
.
Cahiers du monde russe
,
47
(
1–2
)
Zhuk
,
S.
2010
.
Rock and Roll in the Rocket City: The West, Identity, and Ideology in Soviet Dniepropetrovsk
,
Baltimore, MD
:
Johns Hopkins University Press
.
Risch
,
W. J.
2005
.
Soviet “Flower Children”: Hippies and the Youth Counter-culture in 1970s L'viv
.
Journal of Contemporary History
,
40
(
3
)
Edele
,
M.
2002
.
Strange Young Men in Stalin's Moscow: The Birth and Life of the Stiliagi, 1945–1953
.
Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas
,
50
(
1
)
Pilkington
,
H.
1994
.
Russia's Youth and its Culture: A Nation's Constructors and Constructed
,
New York
:
Routledge
.
Tsipursky
,
G.
2013a
.
“
Living “America” in the Soviet Union: The Cultural Practices of “Westernized” Soviet Youth, 1945–1964
”
. In
‘Rivals of the Twentieth Century’: USSR and USA. Two Geopolitical Powers in Competition
,
Edited by:
Stolberg
,
E-M.
New York
:
Peter Lang
.
Fürst
,
J.
2006b
.
“
The Arrival of Spring? Changes and Continuities in Soviet Youth Culture and Policy between Stalin and Khrushchev
”
.
Edited by:
Jones
,
P.
(2006b)
Kozlov
,
V.
2002
.
Mass Uprisings in the USSR: Protest and Rebellion in the Post-Stalin Years
,
Armonk, NY
:
M. E. Sharpe
.
LaPierre
,
B.
2012
.
Hooligans in Khrushchev's Russia: Defining, Policing, and Producing Deviance during the Thaw
,
Madison, WI
:
University of Wisconsin Press
.
Zubkova
,
E. Iu.
1998
.
Russia after the War: Hopes, Illusions, and Disappointments, 1945–1957
,
Armonk, IL
:
M. E. Sharpe
.
Fürst
,
J.
2006a
.
“
Friends in Private, Friends in Public: The Phenomena of Kompaniia Among Soviet Youth in the 1950s and 1960s
”
.
Edited by:
Siegelbaum
,
L. H.
(2006b)
Alekseeva
,
L.
and
Goldberg
,
P.
1990
.
The Thaw Generation: Coming of Age in the Post-Stalin Era
,
Boston, MA
:
Little, Brown
.
Lebina
,
N.
2008
.
“
Antimiry: printsipy konstruirovaniya anomalii. 1950–1960-e gody
”
.
Edited by:
Yarskaya-Smirnova
,
E. R.
and
Romanov
,
P. V.
Tsipursky
,
G.
2011
.
“
Integration, Celebration, and Challenge: Youth and Soviet Elections, 1953–68
”
. In
Voting for Hitler and Stalin: Elections under 20th Century Dictatorships
,
Edited by:
Jessen
,
R.
and
Richter
,
H.
Frankfurt & Chicago, IL
:
Campus and University of Chicago Press
.
Silina
,
L. V.
2004
.
Nastroeniya sovetskogo studenchestva, 1945–1964
,
Moscow
:
Russkii mir
.
Zubok
,
V.
2009
.
Zhivago's Children: The Last Russian Intelligentsia
,
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
.
Yurchak
,
A.
2006
.
Everything was Forever, Until It Was No More: The Last Soviet Generation
,
Princeton, NJ
:
Princeton University Press
.
Brooks
,
J.
2008
.
Thank You, Comrade Stalin! Soviet Public Culture from Revolution to Cold War
,
Princeton, NJ
:
Princeton University Press
.
Martin
,
T.
2001
.
The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939
,
Ithaca, NY
:
Cornell University Press
.
Siegelbaum
,
L. H.
2006a
.
“
Introduction: Mapping Private Spheres in the Soviet Context
”
.
Edited by:
Siegelbaum
,
L. H.
(2006b)
Coumel
,
L.
2009
.
“
The Scientist, the Pedagogue, and the Party Official: Interest Groups, Public Opinion and Decision-Making in the 1958 Education Reform
”
.
Edited by:
Ilic
,
M.
and
Smith
,
J.
Soltys
,
D.
1997
.
Education for Decline: Soviet Vocational and Technical Schooling from Khrushchev to Gorbachev
,
Toronto
:
University of Toronto Press
.
Krylova
,
A.
2010
.
Soviet Women in Combat: A History of Violence on the Eastern Front
,
New York
:
Cambridge University Press
.
English
,
R.
2000
.
Russia and the Idea of the West: Gorbachev, Intellectuals, and the End of the Cold War
,
New York
:
Columbia University Press
.
Taubman
,
W.
2003
.
Khrushchev: The Man and His Era
,
New York
:
W.W. Norton
.
Zubok
,
V.
2009
.
Zhivago's Children: The Last Russian Intelligentsia
,
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
.
Stites
,
R.
1992
.
Russian Popular Culture: Entertainment and Society since 1900
,
New York
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Brandenberger
,
D.
2002
.
National Bolshevism: Stalinist Mass Culture and the Formation of Modern Russian National Identity, 1931–1956
,
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
.
Dobson
,
M.
2009
.
Khrushchev's Cold Summer: Gulag Returnees, Crime, and the Fate of Reform after Stalin
,
Ithaca, NY
:
Cornell University Press
.
Fürst
,
J.
2010
.
Stalin's Last Generation: Soviet Youth and the Emergence of Mature Socialism, 1945–56
,
Oxford
:
Oxford University Press
.
Mitrokhin
,
N. A.
2003
.
Russkaya partiya: Dvizhenie russkikh natsionalistov v SSSR, 1953–1985 gody
,
Moscow
:
Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie
.
Tsipursky
,
F.
2008
.
Citizenship, Deviance, and Identity: Soviet Youth Newspapers as Agents of Social Control in the Thaw-Era Leisure Campaign
.
Cahiers du monde russe
,
49
(
4
)
Dobson
,
M.
2009
.
Khrushchev's Cold Summer: Gulag Returnees, Crime, and the Fate of Reform after Stalin
,
Ithaca, NY
:
Cornell University Press
.
Reid
,
S. E.
2002
.
Cold War in the Kitchen: Gender and the De-Stalinisation of Consumer Taste in the Soviet Union
.
Slavic Review
,
61
(
2
)
Fürst
,
J.
2010
.
Stalin's Last Generation: Soviet Youth and the Emergence of Mature Socialism, 1945–56
,
Oxford
:
Oxford University Press
.
Titov
,
A.
2009
.
“
The 1961 Party Programme and the Fate of Khrushchev's Reforms
”
.
Edited by:
Ilic
,
M.
and
Smith
,
J.
Field
,
D.
2007
.
Private Life and Communist Morality in Khrushchev's Russia
,
New York
:
Lang Publishing
.
Afyani
,
V. Yu.
and
Afanas'eva
,
E. S.
, eds.
1998
.
Ideologicheskie komissii TsK KPSS. 1958–1964: Dokumenty
,
Moscow
:
ROSSPEN
.
Wolfe
,
T. C.
2005
.
Governing Soviet Journalism: The Press and the Socialist Person after Stalin
,
Bloomington, IN
:
Indiana University Press
.
Grushin
,
B. A.
2001
.
Chetyre zhizni Rossii v zerkale oprosov obshchestvennogo mneniya: Ocherki massovogo soznaniya rossiyan vremen Khrushcheva, Brezhneva, Gorbacheva i Eltsina v 4-Kh Knigakh. Vol. 1, Zhizn' I-ya, epokha Khrushcheva
,
Moscow
:
Progress-Traditsiia
.
Fitzpatrick
,
S.
1996
.
Supplicants and Citizens: Public Letter-Writing in Soviet Russia in the 1930s
.
Slavic Review
,
55
(
1
)
Fitzpatrick
,
S.
1997
.
“
Signals from Below: Soviet Letters of Denunciation of the 1930s
”
. In
Accusatory Practices: Denunciation in Modern European History, 1789–1989
,
Edited by:
Fitzpatrick
,
S.
and
Gellately
,
R.
Chicago, IL
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Livshin
,
A. Ya
,
Orlov
,
I. B.
and
Khlevnyuk
,
O. V.
1998
.
Pis'ma vo vlast'. 1928–1939: Zayavleniya, zhaloby, donosy, pis'ma v gosudarstvennye struktury i sovetskim vozhdyam
,
Moscow
:
ROSSPEN
.
Bittner
,
S.
2003
.
Local Soviets, Public Order, and Welfare After Stalin: Appeals from Moscow's Kiev Raion
.
Russian Review
,
62
(
2
)
Tsipursky
,
G.
2010
.
“As a Citizen, I Cannot Ignore These Facts”: Whistleblowing in the Khrushchev Era
.
Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas
,
58
(
1
)
Weiner
,
A.
2001
.
Making Sense of War: The Second World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution
,
Princeton, NJ
:
Princeton University Press
.
Brooks
,
J.
2008
.
Thank You, Comrade Stalin! Soviet Public Culture from Revolution to Cold War
,
Princeton, NJ
:
Princeton University Press
.
Kotkin
,
S.
1995
.
Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilisation
,
Berkeley, CA
:
University of California Press
.
Krylova
,
A.
2010
.
Soviet Women in Combat: A History of Violence on the Eastern Front
,
New York
:
Cambridge University Press
.