Insecticidal activity of solid lipid nanoparticle loaded by Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Abstract

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) loaded by Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. were synthesized using the method of high shear homogenization and ultra sound. The lipid phase consisted of percirol ATO5 and campritol 888 (5% w/v). Poloxamer 188 (2.5% w/v) was used as surfactant. Different amount of essential oil (1, 2, 2.5% w/v) were added to SLN. Particle size of solid lipid nanoparticle loaded by essential oil (2.5%) (SLN-EO) was 241.1 nm with poly dispersity index (PDI) of 0.312 and Zeta potential – 22.6 mv. Entrapment efficiency of SLN-EO (2.5%) was 93%. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study showed the spherical particles with the size under 100 nm. Based on the results of fumigant toxicity, the LC₅₀ values of SLN-EO and pure oil against Tribolium castaneum were 30.602 and 68.303 µL. L air⁻¹, respectively. These results demonstrated that SLN-EO had higher toxicity effects on red flour beetles. The comparative assessment of persistence indicated SLN-EO formulation remained effective until 14 days, while the pure oil lost its toxicity after the 8^th day of application. Chemical composition of Ziziphoraclinopodioides showed that pulegone (51.78%), 1, 8- cineole (8.95%), p- menthone (7.74%) and piperitenone (5.7%) were the major components.

Keywords:

• Solid lipid nanoparticle
• red flour beetle
• fumigant toxicity
• persistence
• chemical composition

Acknowledgement

The present research was a part of PhD thesis of the first author.

Authors’contribution

FHPJ as a PhD student conducted experiments and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. GM as the supervisor conceived and designed the research, edited and completed the final draft. MMA and SG helped for chemical analyses. All authors contributed to writing the manuscript and approved the final version.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals (vertebrates) performed by any of the authors.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Additional information

Funding

The project has received funding from Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.