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Notes
1. Ahmed, The Cultural Politics of Emotion, 144.
2. Gilroy, ‘It's a Family Affair’, 197.
3. Coogan, Wherever Green is Worn, xvii.
4. CitationDiner, Erin's Daughters in America ; CitationLambert, Irish Women in Lancashire ; CitationNolan, Ourselves Alone ; CitationO'Carroll, Models for Movers .
5. See Diner for women's role in family and community adaptation in the USA and Lennon et al. for a discussion of women's settlement practices in England. It is significant that Stuart Hall also notes black women's adaptations to conditions in late twentieth-century Britain: ‘in this particular kind of free-enterprise, hustling world of the 1980s and 1990s, black women on the whole are better at it than black men—and whether this has anything to do with the different styles of resistance to racism and their different modes, especially in school and youth cultures’ (CitationHall, ‘Aspiration and Attitude…’, 42).
6. See CitationGray, Women and the Irish Diaspora , for a description of the study.
7. I use ‘second-generation Irish’ here to mean ‘those born in Britain to one or two Irish-born parents’. CitationWalter, The Second-generation Irish .
8. See CitationAction Group for Irish Youth, Census 2001 Briefing on Irish in London—Women, which states that ‘Irish women comprise 54.5% of the Irish-born population in London and have distinctive experiences of living in London.’
9. This transnational context does not assume nation-to-nation context but rather focuses on the networks of social, economic, political, cultural, personal and other relations between these places that are neither equivalent nor reciprocal.
10. Butler, Undoing Gender.
11. Butler, Undoing Gender, 219.
12. Butler, Undoing Gender, 48.
13. CitationAdkins, Revisions ; Berlant, The Queen of America.
15. Gray, Women and the Irish Diaspora.
16. Butler, Undoing Gender, 110.
18. CitationBerlant, The Queen of America , 13.
19. CitationBerlant, The Queen of America , 13.
20. See Gray, Women and the Irish Diaspora.
21. CitationFranklin and McKinnon, ‘New Directions in Kinship Study’; see also Gilroy ‘It's a Family Affair’.
22. I have borrowed this phrase from Liam Harte's essay on second-generation Irish autobiography, ‘“Somewhere beyond England and Ireland”’, 294.
25. CitationGrewal and Kaplan, ‘Introduction’, 16. All the following extracts from group discussions are from unpublished interviews conducted by the author.
26. Fortier, Migrant Belongings, 87.
27. It is not clear whether this partner would have to be born in Ireland or could be second-generation Irish.
28. Berlant, The Queen of America, 140.
29. Fortier, Migrant Belongings, 128.
30. Fortier, Migrant Belongings, 134.
31. See Harte's discussion of Blake Morrison's ‘Things My Mother Never Told Me’ and the self-erasing practices of his Irish mother in England, in ‘“Somewhere beyond England and Ireland”’.
32. Fortier, Migrant Belongings.
35. Franklin and McKinnon, ‘New Directions in Kinship Study’, 278.
36. Fortier, Migrant Belongings.
37. The 2001 Census, as Walter argues, forces those of Irish descent in England to ‘choose between accepting the notion of complete assimilation and becoming simply “British” or rejecting the land of their upbringing, citizenship and probably parentage, by asserting that they were unequivocally “Irish”’. CitationWalter, ‘Invisible Irishness’, 187.
38. See CitationBhabha, The Location of Culture .
39. Walsh, The Falling Angels, 30–31.
40. See CitationHarte in ‘“Somewhere beyond England and Ireland”’ for a discussion of the full text of this autobiography which he reads as ‘an attempt to authenticate a hybridised form of identity that would transcend binary essentialisms’ (personal correspondence)
41. Ang, On Not Speaking Chinese, 17.
42. Fortier, Migrant Belongings, 87.
43. Fortier, Migrant Belongings, 87.
44. CitationGilroy, ‘It's a Family Affair’, 195.
45. Although theorisations of diaspora as a heuristic devise for thinking beyond national and ethnic boundaries in the 1990s are suggestive and offer new possibilities, diaspora in practice is frequently subject to the same regulatory norms of belonging as nation and ethnicity and can easily be complicit in and appropriated to nationalistic political agendas.
46. See http://web.apu.ac.uk/geography/progress/irish2/walter.htm. Also see CitationUllah, ‘Second Generation Irish Youth’ and Citation‘Rhetoric and Ideology in Social Identification’; CitationCampbell, ‘Beyond “Plastic Paddy”’; CitationWalter et al., ‘Family Stories, Public Silence’; CitationHickman et al., ‘The Limitations of Whiteness and the Boundaries of Englishness’; Walter, ‘Invisible Irishness’.
47. Hickman argues that this term is deployed to denigrate the second-generation Irish in England, suggesting that their claims to Irish identity lack authenticity. She identifies the term with new middle-class Irish migrants in the 1980s who used it to distance themselves from established Irish ethnic communities in England. See CitationHickman ‘“Locating” the Irish Diaspora’.
48. CitationProbyn, Blush , 123.
50. CitationLowe, Immigrant Acts , 63.
51. Relationships to family of origin in Ireland could be the subject matter of another essay.
52. Berlant, The Queen of America, 99.
53. Berlant, The Queen of America, 140.
54. CitationOng, Flexible Citizenship , 157.
57. CitationButler, Undoing Gender , 124.
58. CitationButler, Undoing Gender , 124.
59. CitationButler, Undoing Gender , 124.
60. CitationButler, Undoing Gender , 123.
61. CitationButler, Undoing Gender , 53.
62. CitationButler, Undoing Gender , 155.
63. CitationButler, Undoing Gender , 217.
