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Notes
1. CitationDrudy, The Irish in America. See also CitationAkenson, The United States and Ireland; Dudley Edwards and Doyle, America and Ireland 1776–1976; CitationKenny, The American Irish; CitationCronin, Washington's Irish Policy 1916–1986.
2. See Cronin, Washington's Irish Policy; CitationWhelan, Ireland and the Marshall Plan; CitationDavis, Dublin's American Policy; CitationGeiger and CitationKennedy, Ireland, Europe and the Marshall Plan; CitationMcCabe, A Diplomatic History of Ireland 1948–1949.
3. CitationKeogh, ‘Ireland’, 279.
4. Dáil Éireann debates, vol. 4, col. 11, 18 August 1921.
5. Akenson, United States and Ireland, 34.
6. Akenson, United States and Ireland, 34, 37.
7. CitationDavis, Dublin's American Policy, 92.
8. CitationBrown, Irish-American Nationalism 1870–1890, 63–64.
9. CitationBlessing, ‘Irish Emigration to the United States, 1800–1920’, 31.
10. Akenson, United States and Ireland, 44.
11. Though no reliable published work on the Irish ancestry of American presidents exists, nineteen American presidents have claimed Irish ancestry. However, their backgrounds were ‘Scotch-Irish’ and only one American president was an Irish-American Catholic.
12. CitationMoynihan, ‘The Irish’, 241.
13. CitationBrown, ‘Social Discrimination against the Irish in the United States’, 241.
14. CitationMcCaffrey, ‘Irish-American Politics’, 169.
15. CitationMoynihan, ‘The Irish’, 229.
16. CitationLowry, ‘New Ireland, Old Empire and the Outside World 1922–49’, 195.
17. Hickerson to Gray, 1 January 1945, Record group 59, Box 20, File UK D-5 (B), National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC.
18. British Embassy to Foreign Office, 10 March 1949, Foreign Office (FO) 371 1967, 74190, National Archives, Kew.
19. CitationDwyer, Strained Relations, 172; CitationDavis, Dublin's American Policy, 29–57.
20. CitationDavis, Dublin's American Policy, 58–59.
21. Oral History, Nathan M. Becker, State Department, 19 January 1973, Box 27, OH-159, p. 7a, HSTL.
22. Hickerson to Garrett, 4 May 1948.
23. CitationRaymond, ‘The Marshall Plan and Ireland 1947–1952’, 297.
24. New York Times, 1 May 1945.
25. Memorandum, 21 May 1945, Dominions Office (DO) 130/56, National Archives, Kew.
26. Dáil Éireann debates, vol. 96, col. 2037, 13 April 1945.
27. CitationDwyer, Strained Relations, 161.
28. Lewis W. Douglas to Ernest Bevin, 6 April 1948, BEVN II 6/5, Misc. correspondence, 1948 Foreign Office #7, Ernest Bevin Papers, Churchill College, Cambridge.
29. Memorandum for the President, Subject Policy Manual, p. 46, 16 April 1945, HSTP, President Secretary Files, Subject file cabinet, Box 138, HSTL.
30. MacBride to Nunan, 26 October 1948, Department of Foreign Affairs 305/74, National Archives, Dublin.
31. Cronin, Washington's Irish Policy, 191.
32. Quoted in Cronin, Washington's Irish Policy, 248.
33. Congressional Record—House of Representatives, vol. 96, 81st Congress, 2nd session, 29 March 1950, p. 4344.
34. The amendment was passed by a teller vote. According to Congressional Quarterly's American Congressional Dictionary, this procedure required members to pass through the centre aisle to be counted, but not recorded by name. The teller vote is no longer practised in the House of Representatives.
35. CitationDavis, Dublin's American Policy, 77.
36. Truman cleverly ran his 1948 presidential campaign not against Republican opponent Thomas E. Dewey but against a ‘do-nothing’ Republican Congress.
37. New York Times, 30 March 1950.
38. Washington Post, 30 March 1950.
39. Irish Times, 30 March 1950.
40. Irish Times, 31 March 1950.
41. See Department of Foreign Affairs, File D24, National Archives, Dublin.
42. New York Times, 2 April 1950.
43. New York Times, 31 March 1950.
44. Washington Post, 30 March 1950.
45. Irish Times, 31 March 1950.
46. See Congressional Record—House of Representatives, vol. 96, 81st Congress, 2nd session, 31 March 1950, p. 4552.
47. Jack K. McFall, Assistant Secretary of State, to Tom Connally, 13 April 1951, United States State Department Decimal File, 740A.00, National Archives, Washington, DC.
48. CitationFarrell, ‘The Extraordinary Life and Times of Sean MacBride, Part 2’, 31.
49. American League to Marshall, 12 May 1948, HSTP, HSTL.
50. HSTP, White House Central Files, Official file 218, Box 823, HSTL.
51. ‘Ireland’, written by Colonel HD Kehm, Dublin Army attaché to Psychological Strategy Board, dated 20 September 1951, HSTP, Psychological Strategy Board files, Box 7, 091.
52. Lee, Ireland 1912–1985, 301.
53. CIA Situation Report, Ireland, April 1949, p. 15, HSTP, PSF, Intelligence file 1946–1953, Box 219.
54. Memorandum for Truman, dated 22 March 1951, re: MacBride appointment for meeting of 23 March signed by Dean Acheson. HSTP, President Secretary's File, Subject file, Foreign Affairs 1945–1953 ‘Ireland’ Box 157.
55. HSTP, White House Confidential Files, State Department correspondence, Box 42, HSTL.
56. Truman to Sir Basil Brooke, 23 September 1949, HSTP, White House Central Files, Official file 218, Box 823, HSTL.
57. HSTP, White House Central Files, Official file 218, Box 823, HSTL.
58. Cronin, Washington's Irish Policy, 220.
59. CitationDavis, Dublin's American Policy, 134.
60. CitationCruise O'Brien, ‘Ireland in International Affairs’, 127.
61. Dáil Éireann debates, vol. 126, col. 2024, 19 July 1951.
62. Memorandum, Hickerson to Marshall, 18 May 1948, State Department Decimal Files 841D.021, National Archives, Washington DC.
63. Oral History, W. John Kenney, Chief of Mission, ECA 1949–1950, OH 322, Box 56, 29 November 1971, HSTL.
64. CitationRaymond, ‘Marshall Plan’, 306.
65. MacBride—submitted to ECA, May 1948, p. 1, HSTP, White House Central Files, Official file 218, Box 823, HSTL.
66. MacBride—submitted to ECA, May 1948, p. 3, HSTP, White House Central Files, Official file 218, Box 823, HSTL.
67. Northern Ireland was receiving three-quarters of its aid in grant form in 1949–50.
68. Memorandum, Department of Finance to Government, 18 April 1952, Taoiseach S 141061, National Archives, Dublin.
69. Lee, Ireland 1912–1985, 304.
70. Memorandum for Government from Finance, 8 June 1948, Department of Finance, 121/21/48 F series, National Archives, Dublin.
71. Hickerson, Memorandum of Conversation, 20 May 1948, quoted in Cronin, Washington's Irish Policy, 196–97.
72. CitationGeiger and CitationKennedy, Ireland, Europe and the Marshall Plan, 21.
73. CitationDavies, ‘It is More Important to us that Eire Should Receive Adequate Aid’, 69.
74. HSTP, PSF: Intelligence file 1946–1953, Box 219, CIA: Situation Report, Ireland April 1949, p. 38, HSTL.
75. HSTP, PSF: Intelligence file 1946–1953, Box 219, CIA: Situation Report, Ireland April 1949, p. 11, HSTL.
76. Memoranda of Conversations, 13 February 1951, with John J. Hearne, Dean Acheson papers, Box 77, HSTL.
77. Quoted in CitationFanning, The Irish Department of Finance 1922–58, 405.
78. Text found in HSTP, Foreign Affairs File, Ireland—General News Clippings, Box 151.
79. CitationRaymond, ‘Marshall Plan’, 321.
80. CitationKennedy, ‘The Challenge of Multilateralism’, 103.
81. HSTP, President's Secretary's File, Intelligence file, Box 219, CIA Situation Report, Ireland, April 1949, p. 1, HSTL.
82. February 1949, Department of Foreign Affairs 305/74, National Archives, Dublin.
83. Dáil Éireann debates, vol. 114, col. 324, 23 February 1949.
84. Quoted in Cronin, Washington's Irish Policy, 225.
85. Hickerson to Nunan, 31 March 1949, Department of Foreign Affairs 305/72/5 part 1, National Archives, Dublin.
86. CitationMcCabe, Diplomatic History, 97.
87. HSTP, PSF: Intelligence file 1946–1953, Box 219, CIA: Situation Report, Ireland April 1949, p. 38, HSTL.
88. CitationBrowne, Against the Tide, 134. Browne was unhappy about MacBride overlooking ‘the hardworking and experienced’ Noel Hartnett for a Seanad nomination. He goes so far as to suggest that Denis Ireland may have been ‘a secret member of British Intelligence whose job it was to bring the Republic into NATO’ (p. 135).
89. Garrett to Truman, 10 July 1950, HSTP, White House Central Files, Official file 218, Box 823, HSTL.
90. Cronin interview with MacBride, 12 February 1986, in Washington's Irish Policy, 248.
91. Department of Foreign Affairs, 305/74, National Archives, Dublin.
92. HSTP, PSF, Subject file, NSC Meetings, 2 November 1950, NSC Staff Study, Box 181, HSTL.
93. HSTP, PSF, Subject file, NSC Meetings, 2 November 1950, NSC Staff Study, Box 181, HSTL.
94. NSC note, reported in Irish Times, 5 November 1980.
95. HSTP, PSF, Subject file, NSC Meetings, 2 November 1950, NSC Staff Study, Box 181, HSTL.
96. Cronin, Washington's Irish Policy, 233.
97. Report ‘Eire and the Paris Conference’, 12 March 1948, FO, 371.70175, National Archives, Kew.
98. Dáil Éireann debates, vol. 106, col. 2333, 20 June 1947.
99. March 1951; the text can be found in HSTP, Foreign Affairs file, Ireland—General News Clippings, Box 151, HSTL.
100. Quoted in McCabe, Diplomatic History, 108.
101. Irish Times, 29 January 1949.
102. Irish Times, 19 March 1949.
103. Garrett to Truman, 10 July 1950, HSTP, White House Central Files, Official file 218, Box 823, HSTL.
104. HSTP, PSF, Subject file, NSC Meetings, 2 November 1950, NSC Staff Study, Box 181, HSTL.
105. Memoranda of Conversations, 13 March 1951, Dean Acheson Papers, Box 77, HSTL.
106. Boland to Walsh, 9 February 1949, Department of Foreign Affairs, 305/72/5, part 1, National Archives, Dublin. Canadian intervention also proved elusive; the Canadian High Commissioner in London told MacBride that repeal of the External Relations Act coupled with the refusal to join NATO meant that ‘not only are the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland less disposed to discuss partition, but other North Atlantic countries, including Canada, have, for the first time, a strategic interest in maintaining partition’ (quoted in CitationMcCabe, Diplomatic History, 112).
107. CitationKeogh, Twentieth Century Ireland, 194.
108. CitationDinan, ‘After the Emergency’, 98.
109. Irish Times, 19 June 1951.
110. Farrell, ‘Life and Times’, 33.
111. CitationBourke, Peace in Ireland, 17.
112. Record group 84 File (2) 1948, Box 703. National Archives, Washington, DC.
113. CitationKeogh, ‘Ireland’, 279.