Commemorating Connolly: contexts, comparisons and Celtic connections

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Notes

1. Connolly, “Socialism and Nationalism,” 121.

2. Jones, “History’s Ghosts,” 12.

3. Ibid., 15 n.17.

4. O’Brien, Ancestral Voices, 112. O’Brien dates Connolly’s conciliation with Catholic martyrdom and the concomitant shift from socialism to nationalism to 1914: “From the outbreak of war on, Connolly is becoming more and more ‘old-fashioned’ and less and less ‘newfangled’”. O’Brien, Ancestral Voices, 113.

5. Bell, “Connolly and Independence,” 38.

6. Ibid., 40.

7. Edwards, “Connolly and Irish Tradition,” 411.

8. Kelman, “A Slant on Connolly and the Scotch Ideas.”

9. Young, “John Maclean,” 26.

10. For an excellent account of the speed with which the executions were marked see Busteed, “Parading the Green.”

11. Examples include Dolan, Commemorating the Irish Civil War; Leerssen, Remembrance and Imagination; McBride, History and Memory in Modern Ireland; McCarthy, Ireland’s 1916 Rising; Mark-Fitzgerald, Commemorating the Irish Famine; and Nititham and Boyd, Heritage, Diaspora and the Consumption of Culture. For an excellent discussion of recent developments in historiography that impact on Irish studies see Beiner and Leerssen, “Why Irish History Starved.”

12. See for example Beiner, “Negotiations of Memory”; “Recycling the Dustbin of Irish History”; “Between Trauma and Triumphalism.”

13. Beiner, “Between Trauma and Triumphalism,” 389. See also Jarman and Bryan, “Green Parades in an Orange State.”

14. Beiner, “Negotiations of Memory,” 69.

15. Beiner, “Recycling the Dustbin of Irish History,” 47.

16. Burke, “The Revolutionary Prelude.”

17. Leerssen, “1798: The Recurrence of Violence and Two Conceptualizations of History,” 37.

18. McNulty, “The Place of Memory,” 205.

19. See Johnson, “Sculpting Heroic Histories,” 92.

20. Fogarty, “‘Where Wolfe Tone’s statue was not’,” 31.

21. Doherty, “O’Donovan Rossa Funeral Centenary,” 10–11.

22. Turpin, “Monumental Commemoration,” 111.

23. Rooney, “‘Let the People Sing’,” 169–70.

24. Grayson, “From Genealogy to Reconciliation,” 101. Grayson cites McIntosh, The Force of Culture, 15–16. For another view of the unionist approach to commemoration see Walker, “1641, 1689, 1690 and All That.”

25. Sørensen, “Commemorating the Great War in Ireland and the Trentino,” 124.

26. Stevenson, “The Politics of Remembrance in Irish and Quebec Nationalism,” 920.

27. Johnson, “Sculpting Heroic Histories,” 92.

28. McGuinness, Observe the Sons of Ulster Marching Towards the Somme, 10. For a superb discussion of the rhetoric of remembrance and the work of mourning in this play see Pine, “The Tyranny of Memory.”

29. Ireland’s Memorial Records, http://imr.inflandersfields.be/index.html

30. Ledwidge, “O’Connell Street.”

31. Heron, “Witness Statement 919,” 1.

32. Higgins, “1966 and All That,” 31.

33. Ibid., 36.

34. Bell, “Connolly and Independence,” 38.

35. Clark, “Commemorating Connolly in 1986,” 73.

36. Moran, Staging the Easter Rising, 2.

37. Ibid.

38. O’Brien, Ancestral Voices, 116, cited Moran, Staging the Easter Rising, 2.

39. Moran, Staging the Easter Rising, 3.

40. Mills, Fallen.

41. Lewis, “Kilmainham Jail,” 59.

42. Ibid.

43. Connolly, “Call to Arms.”

44. Lenin, “The Irish Rebellion of 1916”; Trotsky, “On the Events in Dublin.”

45. Quinault, “The Cult of the Centenary,” 318.