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Original Articles

Phenomenology of ‘Authentic Time’ in Husserl and HeideggerFootnote1

Pages 327-347 | Published online: 28 Aug 2007
 

Abstract

In his dialogue the Timaeus, Plato recognized two aspects of time, the past and the future, but not the present. In contrast, Aristotle’s analysis of time in the Physics took its orientation from the ‘now’. It is the latter path that Husserl follows with his conception of the ‘original impression’ (Urimpression). However, in certain parts of Husserl’s Bernau Manuscripts, the present loses significance because of a novel interpretation of protention. This development, which revitalizes Plato’s understanding of time, is furthered in Heidegger’s late lecture Time and Being: the present can be understood on the basis of the ‘withdrawal’ which determines the mutual relation between the arrival as authentic future and the having‐been as authentic past.

Notes

1 An earlier version of this paper was published in French as ‘Phénoménologie du “temps authentique” chez Husserl et Heidegger’, Etudes phénoménologiques, 37/38 (‘Heidegger et la phénoménologie’) (Brussels, 2004). The German text translated here appeared in 2005 in the journal Interdisziplinäre Phänomenologie (Kyoto/Japan) and in Internationales Jahrbuch für Hermeneutik. Parts of this translation were adapted from a lecture version of this paper translated into English by Alexander Heine.

2 In Martin Heidegger, Zur Sache des Denkens (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1969); On Time and Being, trans. J. Stambaugh (New York: Harper & Row, 1971). Page numbers refer to the German edition (henceforth Time and Being).

3 Historical‐critical edition by R. Boehm, Husserliana (Hua), Vol. X (The Hague: Kluwer, 1966).

4 Historical‐critical edition Die Bernauer Manuskripte über das Zeitbewusstsein, ed. R. Bernet and D. Lohmar, Hua, Vol. XXXIII (Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer, 2001) (henceforth Bernau Manuscripts).

5 Martin Heidegger, Sein und Zeit, 8th edn (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1957) (henceforth Being and Time).

6 Physics 219b2.

7 Timaeus 37d5.

8 Timaeus 27d5–6.

9 Timaeus 37d6.

10 Regarding the relation between the Aristotelian and the Platonic theory of time, see also my ‘Zeit als Zahl. Der pythagoreische Zug im Zeitverständnis der Antike’, in P. Rohs (ed.) Zeiterfahrung und Personalität (Frankfurt a.M., 1992). One of the lines of thought featured in this essay is given an in‐depth treatment in my paper ‘Generative Zeiterfahrung’, in Edith‐Stein‐Jahrbuch, Vol. 2, ‘Das Weibliche’, ed. J. Sánchez de Murillo (Würzburg: Suhrkamp, 1996), translated into English as ‘Generative Experience of Time’, in John Brough and Lester Embree (eds) The Many Faces of Time (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2000).

11 In modern Indo‐European languages, linguistic forms which denote the past, present, or future tenses form those words which designate a happening, namely, verbs; in some languages, that is not possible, but it is quite frequently possible to change these words in such a way that they express different aspects.

12 Timaeus 37e3.

13 This glaring but common error was first noticed by Gernot Böhme in his study Zeit und Zahl. Studien zur Zeittheorie bei Platon, Aristoteles, Leibniz und Kant (Frankfurt a.M.: Klostermann, 1974).

14 ‘Jetzt‐Sein ist allein “Wirklich‐Sein”’, Bernau Manuscripts, p. 41.

15 By using the formulation ‘the living present’ for a book title in 1966 (Phaenomenologica, Vol. 23: Lebendige Gegenwart. Die Frage nach der Seinsweise des transzendentalen Ich bei Edmund Husserl, entwickelt am Leitfaden der Zeitproblematik (The Hague: Kluwer, 1966)), I myself followed the primacy of the ‘now’ in Husserl’s philosophy of time. In 1981, I questioned this primacy, albeit incompletely, in my investigation ‘Phänomenologie der Zeit nach Husserl’, in Perspektiven der Philosophie. Neues Jahrbuch, ed. R. Berlinger et al., Vol. 7 (1981). During the same period of time, Jacques Derrida, partly relying on Emmanuel Levinas’s critique of Husserl, also problematized the questionable role of the present in Husserl’s understanding of time. On the status of the resulting problem, see Rudolf Bernet’s excellent analyses in his essay ‘Die ungegenwärtige Gegenwart. Anwesenheit und Abwesenheit in Husserls Analyse des Zeitbewußtseins’, Phänomenologische Forschungen 14: ‘Zeit und Zeitlichkeit bei Husserl und Heidegger’ (Freiburg/Munich, 1983), and in his Editor’s Introduction to E. Husserl. Texte zur Phänomenologie des inneren Zeitbewußtseins (1893–1917) (Hamburg: Meiner, 1985). See also by the same author: La vie du sujet. Recherches sur l’interprétation de Husserl dans la phénoménologie (Paris: Presses Univ. de France, 1994), pp. 189–241. Helpful also are John B. Brough’s ‘Translator’s Introduction’ to his translation E. Husserl: On the Phenomenology of the Consciousness of Internal Time (Dordrecht/ Boston/ London: Kluwer, 1991) and the renewed discussion of the entire problem in Husserl, which incorporates the contributions of the above‐mentioned authors, by Lilian Alweiss, ‘The Enigma of Time’, in Phänomenologische Forschungen. Neue Folge, Vol. 4, 2. Halbbd (Freiburg/Munich, 1999). On a different occasion, I would like to comment on the investigations regarding the problem of time in Husserl by Toine Kortooms and Lanei Rodemeyer which appeared in the Phaenomenologica series in 2002 and 2006.

16 Historical‐critical edition with the complete text and supplements, Die Krisis der europäischen Wissenschaften und die transzendentale Phänomenologie. Eine Einleitung in die phänomenologische Philosophie, ed. W. Biemel, Hua VI (The Hague: Kluwer, 1954) (henceforth Crisis).

17 In German, ‘als durchlaufen’.

18 Regarding the structure of this idealizing operation, see esp. Crisis, p. 359.

19 Time and Being, p. 14.

20 It is possible to emphasize the dynamic character of this tendency with Augustine’s distentio animi; the verb corresponding to ‘protention’ would be ‘to protend’ (from Latin tendere, ‘to span, to extend’). If, however, we emphasize that a ‘protention’ anticipates contents of intentional fulfilment, i.e., that consciousness possesses these contents in advance, ‘holding’ them in it, the corresponding verb would be ‘to protain’ or ‘to protenuate’ (from Latin tenere, ‘to hold’).

21 ‘Das Jetzt ist konstituiert durch die Form der protentionalen Erfüllung.’ Bernau Manuscripts, p. 14, cf. p. 4.

22 Rudolf Bernet, one of the editors of Bernau Manuscripts, offers this apt formulation in the Introduction to the volume, p. XLII.

23 Regarding the usage of the concept ‘expectation’ (German Erwartung), see Bernau Manuscripts, Text No. 1, §3, pp.8ff.

24 On the basis of these manuscripts, Dieter Lohmar, the other editor of Bernau Manuscripts, developed the necessary distinctions in his essay ‘What does Protention “Protend”?’, Philosophy Today, Supplementary Volume, Conference of the Society for Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy (2002). Since all ‘expectations’ in question refer to specific contents (Hyle), they form a group which Lohmar designates ‘H‐protentions’.

25 ‘Tendenzbewußtsein’, Bernau Manuscripts, p. 25.

26 Ibid., p. 9.

27 ‘Ihren wesentlichen Charakter als Protention selbst an der Erfüllungsstelle nicht einbüßt’. Ibid., p. 12.

28 ‘Durch die es nicht nur retentionale Kontinuität ist, sondern zugleich protentionale Kontinuität’. Ibid., p. 24.

29 Bernet, ibid., p. XLI.

30 ‘Das primäre Phänomen der ursprünglichen und eigentlichen Zeitlichkeit [ist] die Zukunft.’ Being and Time, p. 329.

31 ‘Das Ereignis selbst kann ohne Vordeutung, gar ohne spezifische Erwartung “auftreten”, sich für mich bewußtseinsmäßig als Gegenwart konstituieren. Das gibt ein besonderes Problem, das der Urpräsentation für den Einsatzpunkt und die Einsatzstrecke.’ Bernau Manuscripts, p. 11.

32 Ibid., p. 15, diagram.

33 ‘Vermittelnde Punkte’. Ibid., p. 11.

34 Ibid., p. 8.

35 ‘[Ist schon] ein Stück zeitkonstituierend abgelaufen.’ Ibid., p. 11.

36 ‘Die “Erwartung” geht nicht bloß auf das neue Datum, sondern auch auf die kommenden Retentionen und Retentionen von Retentionen usw.’ Ibid., p. 7.

37 This possibility allows Lohmar to speak here of ‘R‐protentions’ rather than ‘H‐protentions’ (ibid.).

38 ‘Hat die Protention, der Vorblick, Anschaulichkeit[,] und wie, wenn nichts kommt, was da vorgeschaut war (falls es das wirklich gibt)?’ Ibid., p. 48.

39 ‘Wir haben als Anfang nur einen Anfang der Betrachtung, wir stehen immerfort in der Mitte eines unendlichen Prozesses und greifen eine Phase heraus.’ Ibid., p. 28.

40 ‘So einfach ist die Erledigung nicht. […] Und ein Anfang als Einbruch eines völlig unerwarteten Ereignisses?’ Ibid.

41 ‘Die Aufgabe, verständlich zu machen, wie sich überhaupt vor der vollzogenen Bildung eines konstitutiven Prozesses, also vor dem Bewußthaben eines Zeitgegenstandes, ein solches Bewußthaben, ein konstitutiver Prozeß bilden kann und muß. Also Aufklärung der Idee des erwachenden Ich, eines Ich, dessen Leben beginnt, und wie es notwendig Bewußtseinsleben werden mußte. Ob freilich diese Idee eine Möglichkeit bezeichnet?’ Ibid., pp. 13f.

42 Since the speedy publication of the Heidegger‐Gesamtausgabe has shown the significant role of ‘fundamental moods’ or ‘fundamental attunements’ in Heidegger’s thought after the ‘turn’, the topic has increasingly become a focus of Heidegger interpretation during recent years. Following the publication of Heidegger’s 1929/30 lecture course Die Grundbegriffe der Metaphysik. Welt – Endlichkeit – Einsamkeit, GA 29/30, in 1983, a series of texts regarding this problematic has appeared, among which is my contribution ‘Grundstimmung und Zeitkritik bei Heidegger’, in O. Pöggeler and D. Papenfuss (eds) Zur philosophischen Aktualität Heideggers, Vol. I (Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp, 1992) (‘Fundamental Moods and Heidegger’s Critique of Contemporary Culture’, in J. Sallis (ed.) Reading Heidegger: Commemorations (Bloomington/Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1993). Representative of the scope of recent research on this subject are the dissertations from Bergische Universität Wuppertal by Peter Trawny, Martin Heideggers Phänomenologie der Welt (Freiburg/ München: Alber, 1997), pp. 68ff., and Boris Ferreira, Stimmung bei Heidegger. Das Phänomen der Stimmung im Kontext von Heideggers Existenzialanalyse des Daseins, Phaenomenologica, Vol. 165 (Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer, 2002), as well as the Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg Habilitation by Paola‐Ludovika Coriando, Affektenlehre und Phänomenologie der Stimmungen. Wege einer Ontologie und Ethik des Emotionalen (Frankfurt a. M.: Klostermann, 2002).

43 Heidegger is playing on words here. The German for ‘authentic time’ is eigentliche Zeit, and that which is specific to a thing is the Eigene of that thing.

44 For a phenomenological commentary regarding the lecture Time and Being, see also my essay ‘Heideggers Weg zu den “Sachen selbst” in P. ‐L. Coriando (ed.) Vom Rätsel des Begriffs. Festschrift für Friedrich‐Wilhelm von Herrmann zum 65. Geburtstag (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1999). A preliminary lecture version of the same ideas can be found in ‘On the Way to a Phenomenology of World’, in Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology, 30(1) (January 1999).

45 ‘Unmittelbar angeht’.

46 Time and Being, p. 13.

47 ‘Gewesen’.

48 I.e., that which the Greeks designated as kairos and Machiavelli as occasione, in German Gelegenheit.

49 ‘Reicht und erbringt’.

50 Time and Being, p. 14.

51 ‘Reicht … sich Zukunft zu’. Ibid.

52 ‘Nähernde Nähe’.

53 Time and Being, p. 16.

54 ‘Hält das Ankommen aus der Zukunft offen, indem es im Kommen die Gegenwart vorenthält’. Ibid.

55 ‘Vorenthalt’.

56 ‘Hält das Gewesen offen, indem sie seine Ankunft als Gegenwart verweigert’. Ibid.

57 ‘Gegenwart erbringt’. Time and Being, p. 14.

58 In order to emphasize that nearer‐bringing happens as a creation of distance, Heidegger, in some other texts written after the ‘turn’, began to hyphenate the German term ent‐fernen, thereby showing the elimination of farness. This is the exact opposite of normal German usage: entfernen normally means the arising of farness.

59 Regarding the significance of idealization for the history of philosophy and science, see my ‘Krise der Gegenwart und Anfang der Philosophie. Zum Verhältnis von Husserl und Heidegger’, in M. Diaconu (ed.) Festschrift für Walter Biemel (Studia Phaenomenologica, special volume) (Bucharest: Humanitas Publishing House, 2003).

60 Consolatio philosophiae, Book V, Prose 6: ‘aeternitas igitur est indeterminabilis vitae tota simul et perfecta possessio’.

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