Publication Cover
Angelaki
Journal of the Theoretical Humanities
Volume 9, 2004 - Issue 2
230
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The critique of loneliness

towards the political motives of the doppelgänger

Pages 81-101 | Published online: 19 Oct 2010
 

Notes

Dimitris Vardoulakis

Centre for Comparative Literature and Cultural Studies

PO Box 11A Monash University Clayton, Vic 3800

Australia

E‐mail: [email protected]

Andrew Benjamin, as a reader of earlier drafts and as a collocutor, has influenced the text in more ways than can be enumerated. I would like to thank Tina Weller and Walter Veit for their help with the demands that Jean Paul raises to a non‐native German speaker. All translations are my own, unless otherwise stated.

See Aristotle, Topics 104a. Wilhelm Hennis' discussion of “Topik und Politik” is still relevant today for the political significance of topoi. See Hennis, Politik und praktische Philosophie: Eine Studie zur Rekonstruktion der politischen Wissenschaft (Neuwied am Rhein: Hermann Luchterhand, 1963) chapter 4.

Paul Coates, The Double and the Other: Identity as Ideology in Post‐Romantic Fiction (London: Macmillan, 1988) 5.

Coates, Double and the Other 5; emphasis added.

Jean Paul, Blumen‐, Frucht‐ und Dornenstücke, oder Ehestand, Tod und Hochzeit des Armenadvokaten F. St. Siebenkäs [1796] in Sämtliche Werke, ed. Norbert Miller (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2000) 1.2: 66. All references to Jean Paul's works are to the Nobert Miller edition, unless otherwise stated. The first time that Jean Paul writes the word, it is spelled with a “t” between the two compounds: Doppeltgänger. Later on, the “t” is elided (e.g., ibid. 532).

“Rund um mich eine weite versteinerte Menschheit – In der finstern unbewohnten Stille glüht keine Liebe, keine Bewunderung, kein Gebet, keine Hoffnung, kein Ziel – Ich so ganz allein, nirgends ein Pulsschlag, kein Leben, nichts um mich und ohne mich nichts als nichts – Mir nur bewußt meines höhern Nicht‐Bewußtseins – In mir den stumm, blind, verhüllt fortarbeitenden Dämogorgon, und ich bin er selber – So komm' ich aus der Ewigkeit, so geh' ich in die Ewigkeit –” (Jean Paul, Clavis Fichtiana seu Leibgeberiana 1.3: 1056).

The two projects can be related. For instance, Fichte is the bête noir in much of the discussion of subjectivity in Adorno, although Adorno hardly ever mentions Fichte by name. However, the allusions to Fichte are unmistakable. See, for example, Theodor W. Adorno, Negative Dialectics, trans. E.B. Ashton (London: Routledge, 1990) 200–02.

It may appear here that place is not adequately distinguished from space. But a sharp distinction is not wanting so far as the two concepts do overlap, although they do not coincide. Jeffrey Malpas is correct to argue that what distinguishes place is that it “is integral to the very structure and possibility of experience,” or, in other words, it introduces concerns with historical actuality. See Malpas, Place and Experience: A Philosophical Topography (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999) 32 and chapter 1, passim, where the distinction between place and space is discussed.

The use of the personal pronoun in the neuter when it refers to the Doppelgänger contravenes the grammatical gender of the Doppelgänger, which in German is masculine. However, opting for the neuter in English is meant to indicate that the philosophical issues raised by the Doppelgänger are not gendered as such.

Michel Foucault, Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason, trans. Richard Howard (New York: Vintage, 1988) 95.

See Theodore Ziolkowski, German Romanticism and its Institutions (Princeton: Princeton UP, 1990) chapter 4 for a detailed discussion of madness in the literature of this period.

Johann Goethe, Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship, trans. Eric A. Blackall and Victor Lange, in Goethe's Collected Works (New York: Suhrkamp, 1983) 9: 267.

Jean Paul, Titan 1.3: 772, 775–82. For a comparative study of Wilhelm Meister and Titan, although not from the perspective of madness, see Lucien Stern, “Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre und Jean Pauls Titan” [1922] in Jean Paul, ed. Uwe Schweikert (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1974) 33–73.

Maurice Blanchot, The Infinite Conversation, trans. Susan Hanson (Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1997) 196, 200. It is Foucault's book on madness that prompts Blanchot's thinking here.

Immanuel Kant, Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View, trans. Victor Lyle Dowdell, rev. Hans H. Rudnick (London and Amsterdam: Southern Illinois UP, 1978) 117–18.

  • Das einzige allgemeine Merkmal der Verrücktheit ist der Verlust des Gemeinsinnes (sensus communis) und der dagegen eintretende logische Eigensinn (sensus privatus) … als worin gerade der Schein besteht, von dem man sagt, er betrügt, oder vielmehr wodurch man verleitet wird, in der Anwendung einer Regel sich selbst zu betrügen. – Der, welcher sich an diesen Probirstein gar nicht kehrt, sondern es sich in den Kopf setzt, den Privatsinn ohne, oder selbst wider den Gemeinsinn schon für gültig anzuerkennen, ist einem Gedankenspiel hingegeben, wobei er nicht in einer mit anderen gemeinsamen Welt, sondern (wie im Traum) in seiner eigenen sich sieht, verfährt und urtheilt. (Kant, Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht, in Gesammelte Schriften, ed. Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften/Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (Berlin: Reimer/De Gruyter, 1910ff.) 1.7: 219. All references to Kant's work in German are to the Akademie edition)

Kant, The Critique of Judgement, trans. James Creed Meredith (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1952) 82–83. This is the case, despite the fact that Gemeinsinn is sometimes (including the citation from the Anthropologie) used to indicate the common understanding. The German text makes the distinction very unambiguously:

  • Ein solches Prinzip aber könnte nur als ein Gemeinsinn angesehen werden, welcher vom gemeinen Verstande, den man bisweilen auch Gemeinsinn (sensus communis) nennt, wesentlich unterschieden ist: indem letzterer nicht nach Gefühl, sondern jederzeit nach Begriffen, wiewohl gemeinglich nur als nach dunkel vorgestellten Prinzipien, urtheilt. (Kant, Kritik der Urtheils‐kraft 1.5: 239)

This demarcation, before the Anthropology, is affirmed already in the Critique of Judgement when, in the Analytic of the Sublime, Kant distinguishes negative presentation (bloß negative Darstellung) that does not require intuitions from the case of mental illness (Wahn) that is still tied to perception (Critique of Judgement 128/Kritik der Urtheilkraft 275). However, what is most instructive about the distinction in the Analytic of the Sublime is that even here, where an argument about the relation between cognition, reason, and madness is most wanting, nevertheless none is provided. Kant merely asserts the distinction premised on “the inscrutability of the idea of freedom [that] precludes all positive presen‐tation [Denn die Unerforschlichkeit der Idee der Freiheit schneidet aller positiven Darstellungen gänzlich den Weg ab]” (ibid.), that is, by shifting the discussion to the distinction between negative and positive presentation.

Kant, Anthropology 118. In German the text reads:

  • Bisweilen kann es doch blos an den Ausdrücken liegen, wodurch ein sonst helldenkender Kopf seine äußern Wahrnehmungen Anderen mittheilen will, daß sie nicht mit dem Princip des Gemeinsinnes zusammenstimmen wollen und er auf seinem Sinne beharrt. So hatte der geistvolle Verfasser der Oceana, Harrington, die Grille, daß seine Ausdünstungen (effluvia) in Form der Fliegen von seiner Haut absprangen. Es können dieses aber wohl elektrische Wirkungen auf einen mit diesem Stoff überladenen Körper gewesen sein, wovon man auch sonst Erfahrung gehabt haben will, und er damit vielleicht nur eine Ähnlichkeit seines Gefühls mit diesem Absprunge, nicht das Sehen dieser Fliegen andeuten wollen. (Anthropologie 219–20; emphasis added)

Kant, Anthropology 113/Anthropologie 215: “das Gemüth durch Analogien hingehalten wird, die mit Begriffen einander ähnlicher Dinge verwechselt werden.”

Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, trans. Werner S. Pluhar (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1996) A 25/B 39. “Er [der Raum] ist wesentlich einig, das Mannigfaltige in ihm, mithin auch der allgemeine Begriff von Räumen überhaupt, beruht lediglich auf Einschränkungen.” For an intriguing account of the Transcendental Aesthetic, see the final (sic) of Adorno's lectures on the first Critique, in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (1959), ed. Rolf Tiedemann, trans. Rodney Livingstone (Stanford: Stanford UP, 2001).

It is at this point, where feeling and hence particularity necessarily re‐emerge as an issue, that a consideration of a (latent) Kantian politics beyond the hold of ideology may be possible. This would require a return to the Critique of Judgement, a move that is beyond the aims of the present discussion.

“was er [Menschenverstand] nicht für toll erklärt, uns nicht rein philosophisch ist” (Jean Paul, Clavis 1022).

Jean Paul, Clavis 1023.

Jean Paul, Clavis 1024.

“muß jedes Bild und Zeichen zugleich auch noch etwas anderes sein als dieses, nämlich selber ein Urbild und Ding, das man wieder abbilden und bezeichnen kann u.s.f.” (Jean Paul, Clavis 1024).

“Wenn nun der Philosoph seine Rechenhaut aufspannt und darauf die transzendente Kettenrechnung treiben will: so weiset ihm die bloße Sprache drei gewisse Wege an, sich zu – verrechnen” (Jean Paul, Clavis 1024). Cf. the use of the same imagery in Jean Paul's Vorschule: “The absolute philosopher appropriates [eignet sich] the Carthage which he has encircled by his skin cut into an infinitely thin strip, as if he had thus covered the city [das er mit seiner unendlich dünn‐geschnittenen Haut unschnürt, so zu, als bedeck” ers damit]. Since in the focus of philosophy all rays of the great concave mirror of all sciences intersect, he mistakes the focus of the mirror and the object, and believes the possessor of all scientific form to be the possessor of all scientific matter” (Horn of Oberon: Jean Paul's School of Aesthetics, trans. Margaret R. Hale (Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1973) 287; Vorschule der Ästhetik 1.5: 418).

Jean Paul, Clavis 1025.

Jean Paul, Clavis 1026.

Jean Paul, Clavis 1025.

Die Nachtwachen des Bonaventura, ed. and trans. Gerald Gillespie, vol. 6 of the Edinburgh Bilingual Library (Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1972) 247; trans. slightly modified.

See the letter to Thieriot dated 14 January 1805, that is, only a few weeks after the Nachtwachen had been published. Jean Paul says: “Lesen Sie doch die Nachtwachen von Bonaventura, d.h. von Schelling. Es ist eine treffliche Nachahmung meines Giannozzo.” Jean Pauls Sämtliche Werke, historisch‐kritische Ausgabe, ed. Eduard Berend (Berlin: die Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1961) 3.5: 20.

Max Kommerell, Jean Paul [1933] (Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, 1957) 347. For a contemporary look at Kommerell's remarkable book, see Walter Benjamin's review published in the Frankfurter Zeitung in 1934, “Der eingetunkte Zauberstab: Zu Max Kommerells Jean Paul” in Gesammelte Schriften, eds. Rolf Tiedemann and Hermann Schweppenhäuser (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1991) 3: 409–17. For a recent evaluation, see Paul Fleming, “The Crisis of Art: Max Kommerell and Jean Paul's Gestures,” MLN 115.3 (2000): 519–43.

This is not to say, of course, that genres are to be rejected or the study of genres abandoned. The use of genres is still valid provided it is not premised on laws superimposed onto the work. In other words, besides the classificatory system of genres, what also has to be admitted is that the work itself can also exceed its genre. Jacques Derrida makes this point with reference to Blanchot's The Madness of the Day in “The Law of Genre,” trans. Avita Ronnell, in Acts of Literature, ed. Derek Attridge (New York: Routledge, 1992) 223–52.

Jean Paul, Titan 800.

Jean Paul, Titan 766.

Jean Paul, Titan 766–67.

Jean Paul, Siebenkäs 66. The two different spellings of the word “Doppelgänger” are noted above in n. 4.

Quoted in Wolfgang Harich, Jean Pauls Kritik des philosophischen Egoismus: Belegt durch Texte und Briefstellen Jean Pauls in Anhang (Leipzig: Reclam, 1968) 214. Harich's collection of all the relevant letters that deal with Jean Paul's response to “critical philosophy” will be used here for expedience, instead of the complete collection of letters in Berend's historisch‐kritische Ausgabe.

Letters to Jacobi, dated 4 October and 2 November 1799, respectively, in Harich, Jean Pauls Kritik 215.

For the dedication to Jacobi, see Clavis 1018.

Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, “Jacobi an Fichte” in Werke, vol. 3, eds. Friedrich Roth and Friedrich Köppen (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1976) 9–10; “Jacobi to Fichte” in The Main Philosophical Writings and the Novel Allwill, ed. and trans. George di Giovanni (Montreal and Kingston: McGill‐Queen's UP, 1994) 501.

Jacobi, “An Fichte” 49; “To Fichte” 524.

Frederick C. Beiser, The Fate of Reason: German Philosophy from Kant to Fichte (Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1987) 80.

Jacobi, “An Fichte” 43; “To Fichte” 519.

Jacobi, “An Fichte” 44; “To Fichte” 519.

Fichte claims in the “Second Introduction to the Science of Knowledge” that, although Kant did not arrive at the system propounded by the Wissenschaftslehre, he nevertheless had a nascent conception of it that he never expounded except in fragments. See Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Science of Knowledge: With the First and Second Introduction, trans. Peter Heath and John Lachs (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1982) 51; Grundlage der gesammten Wissenschaftslehre als Handschrift für seine Zuhörer [1794–95], in Sämmtliche Werke, ed. J.H. Fichte (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1965 [a faithful reprint of the 1845 edition]) 1: 478–79.

The absolute I's intellectual intuition is not spelled out in the first Wissenschaftslehre. However, it is spelled out later in various texts, for instance in Fichte, Foundations of Transcendental Philosophy (Wissenschaftslehre) Nova Methodo 1796–9, ed. and trans. Daniel Breazeale (Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1998) 66.

Fichte denies that the self is a soul, following Kant's argument in the Paralogisms of the first Critique. Fichte is aware as early as the Aenesidemus review of the problems that arise from treating the subject as an object. See “Review of Aenesidemus” in Fichte: Early Philosophical Writings, trans. and ed. Daniel Breazeale (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1988) 59–77. For a cogent look at the way Fichte's absolute subject evolved out of the Aenesidemus review that deals directly with the problem of the subject as an object, see Frederick Neuhouser, Fichte's Theory of Subjectivity (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1990) 68–86.

On space and reason in Fichte, see John Sallis, “Hovering: Imagination and the Spacing of Truth” in Spacings: Of Reason and Imagination in Texts of Kant, Fichte, Hegel (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1987) 23–66.

As Fichte makes clear from the first paragraph of his “Concerning the Difference between the Spirit and the Letter within Philosophy,” what offends him most of all is the mixing of “wordplay” and philosophy (Early Philosophical Writings 193). The whole argument of the essay is premised on the assumption that linguistic usage presupposes a pure or correct meaning (see 196–97). Evidently, philosophy aspires to that pure meaning, although it is not clear how Fichte actually achieves this status when he ultimately has recourse to rhetorical flourishes like the following: “To try to think of oneself as nonexistent is pure nonsense” (207). The fact is that, as Paul de Man has argued forcefully, from the first moment of his System, from the self‐positing of the absolute I, Fichte has recourse, without admitting it (and, in terms of Fichte's own System, without being allowed), to a linguistic act. See de Man, “The Concept of Irony” in Aesthetic Ideology, ed. Andrzej Warminski (Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1996) 163–84.

The so‐called “green letter” was written at the height of the Atheism Controversy in spring 1799, and Jacobi makes explicit references in it to the Pantheism Controversy (see the reference to Spinoza, which informs the argument for the substantiality of the absolute ego) that took place a little over a decade earlier. For the Pantheism Controversy, see Beiser, Fate of Reason, while for the Atheism Controversy, see Anthony J. La Vopa, Fichte: The Self and the Calling of Philosophy, 1762–1799 (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2001).

For a discussion of substance in the metaphysical tradition that departs from the Aristotelian definition, see Adorno's fifth lecture in Metaphysics: Concept and Problems (1965), ed. Rolf Tiedemann, trans. Edmund Jephcott (Stanford: Stanford UP, 2000). Adorno shows that “this interpretation of substance, as that which needs nothing else in order to exist, has survived throughout the entire history of philosophy” (28).

Aristotle, Categories 2 a 12–14. The definition of substance as it is given in Greek is: “οσíα δστινκυριτ ατ τϵ καì πρτως καì μλιστα λϵγομνη, μτϵ καθ' ποκϵιμνου τινòς λγ ϵται, μτ' ν ποκϵιμν τινí στιν” (Aristotle, The Categories; On Interpretation; Prior Analytics, trans. Harold P. Cooke and Hugh Tredennick (Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, Loeb Classical Library, 1938) 18).

Jacobi, “An Fichte” 21–22; “To Fichte” 508. The German reads: “in dem Begriffe eines reinen absoluten Ausgehens und Hingehens, ursprünglich – aus Nichts, zu Nichts, für Nichts, in Nichts.” This is, of course, another way of saying that the absolute I has turned into “Messiah.” The “divinity” of the absolute I was not something noticed only by Jacobi. For instance, Schiller wrote to Goethe as early as October 1794 that by conceiving the world as “a ball that the I has thrown and that it receives again in reflection [Fichte] has really declared his divinity, as we really expected” (quoted in La Vopa, Fichte 271).

  • Die Vernunft als solche kann … nicht aus sich heraus … Es mußte also nach dem zermalmenden Kant, der noch große Stücke, wie die Dinge an sich, übrig ließ, der vernichtende Leibgeber aufstehen … der auch jene verkalkte und nichts stehen ließ als das weiße Nichts … nämlich die ideale Endlichkeit der Unendlichkeit. Brächte man auch jene gar weg (und Fichte gibt einen Wink dazu): so bliebe nur das schwarze Nichts übrig, die Unendlichkeit, und die Vernunft brauchte nichts mehr zu erklären, weil sie selber nicht einmal mehr da wäre. (Jean Paul, Clavis 1021–22)

“denn weder Begriffe noch Anschauungen langen herauf oder halten in diesem Äther aus” (Jean Paul, Clavis 1016).

Despite the intellectual as well as personal affinity between Jean Paul and Jacobi, it is important to avoid the easy solution of conflating their respective positions, as, for instance, Albrecht Decke‐Cornill does. See his Vernichtung und Selbstbehauptung: Eine Untersuchung zur Selbstbewußtseinsproblematik bei Jean Paul (Würzburg: Könighausen and Neumann, 1987) 69–73.

  • Spuren seines ursprünglichen Vorsatzes, die Wissenschaftslehre lächerlich zu machen, schimmern noch überall im Clavis durch; und sooft er auch darin zu einem ihm schw‐ eren, ernsten, nüchternen Stil ausholt und ansetzt, so stellet er doch bald wieder (nach seinem kurzweiligen grotesken Naturell) alles in ein so komisches Licht, daß er einfältige Leser ordentlich dumm macht. (Jean Paul, Clavis 1019–20)

Additional information

Notes on contributors

dimitris vardoulakis Footnote

Dimitris Vardoulakis Centre for Comparative Literature and Cultural Studies PO Box 11A Monash University Clayton, Vic 3800 Australia E‐mail: [email protected]

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.