Comparative efficacy of supplemented de-oiled groundnut, sunflower, maize and cottonseed cakes on growth and body composition of fry of common carp, Cyprinus carpio (comm.)

Abstract

To evaluate the performance of four oilcakes, deoiled groundnut T1, sunflower T2, maize T3 and cottonseed T4 cake in the diets on growth, feed utilisation and body composition of fry of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, four isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were formulated with 35% protein, and without fish meal. At the end of the feeding trial, based on the weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and productive protein value (PPV%) diet on cottonseed cakes (CSC) gave the best results. The survival rate, viscerosomatic, hepatosomatic index, whole body moisture, protein, lipid and ash contents were not significantly different among all treatments. Therefore, the CSC is recommended as a good protein source in fish feed.

Keywords:

• Cyprinus carpio
• de-oiled cakes
• growth
• feed conversion efficiency
• body composition

Introduction

Research efforts were focused to evaluate the nutritive value of different non-conventional feed resources of vegetable origin (Mondal and Ray 1999; Kissil and Lupatch 2004; Sevgili et al. 2009) that are more consistently available and cheaper to produce than fish meal or other animal proteins. Some plant protein sources are a good source of quality protein, but they also contain anti-nutritional factors such as phytic acid, gossypol, tannin that may restrict growth performance and protein utilisation in animals. The groundnut cake (GNC) is highly palatable, has better binding properties for pelleting than soyabean meal (Lovell 1989), but it's use in fish feed is limited because of low lysine and methionine contents. The growth response and feed conversion ratio of Labeo rohita fingerlings with sunflower meal and fish meal and Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings fed maize oil cake (MC) and broken rice were studied (Seema et al. 2002; Ali and Salim 2004). Cottonseed cakes (CSC) has 41–45% protein and is widely cultivated with the cake available and cheaper than most other protein supplements (Adeniji and Ehinmidu 2007). In aquaculture farming, feed accounts for over half of the variable operating cost, and protein constitutes a major cost of formulated diets. El-Saidy and Gaber (2003) studied on replacements of fish meal with a mixture of different plant protein sources in juvenile Nile tilapia, Orechromis niloticus (L.) diets. Mohanta et al. (2007) studied on effect of three different oil cake-based diets on pond production performance of Silver barb, Puntius gonionotus (Bleeker). The present study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of different oil cakes, namely GNC, sunflower cake (SFC), CSC and MC on growth performance, feed utilisation and carcass composition of fry of common carp, Cyprinus carpio.

Materials and methods

Four isonitrognous and isocaloric experimental pelleted diets were prepared with different sources of oil cakes, i.e. GNC, SFC, MC and CSC and designated as T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively (Table 1). The dough was cooked at 121 °C for 15 min in a pressure cooker. A total of 600 fry of common carp, C. carpio (0.185±0.02 g) were collected from Government Fish Seed Farm, Khopoli, Raigad, India. They were acclimatised for 2 weeks in a plastic pool of (710 l capacity) following standard rearing practices. During acclimatisation, fish were fed with an equal mixture of experimental diets to satiation. After acclimation, five fishes from the stock were analysed for initial body proximate composition. Each diet was fed to three sets of C. carpio fry at 5% of body weight twice a day (9:00 h and 17:00 h) for a period of 90 days. Experimental fish were fortnightly sampled for recording length and weight.

Table 1. Ingredient and proximate composition of experimental diets.

	Diets
	T1	T2	T3	T4
Ingredients (%)
GNC	46	–	–	–
SC	–	48	–	–
MC	–	–	32	–
CSC	–	–	–	44
Rice bran	25	24	32	26
Wheat flour	25	24	32	26
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)	2	2	2	2
Cod liver oil	1	1	1	1
Vitamin & mineral	1	1	1	1
premix^a
Proximate composition (%)
Crude protein	35.20	35	34.90	35.10
Crude lipid	2.8	1.5	2.1	1.9
Moisture	9.57	10.25	13.15	12.50
Ash	7.57	6.0	5.4	5.7
Carbohydrate	54.43	57.5	57.6	57.3
Digestible energy DE (Kcal/g)^b	3.837	3.835	3.889	3.867
E/P^c	12.74	12.79	12.98	12.85
Note: GNC-groundnut oil cake: deoiled (mechanical extraction of oil); SFC-sunflower oil cake: deoiled (mechanical extraction of oil); MC-maize oil cake: deoiled (mechanical extraction of oil); CSC-cottonseed oil cake: deoiled (mechanical extraction of oil).
^aVitamin premix contained the following vitamins per kilogram feed: vitamin A, 5500 IU; vitamin D3, 1000 IU; vitamin E, 50 IU; vitamin K3 10 IU; choline chloride, 550 mg; niacin, 100 mg; riboflavin, 20 mg; thiamin, 20 mg; pantothenic acid, 50 mg; biotin, 0.1 mg; folacin, 5 mg; cyanocobalmin (B12), 20 mg; vitamin C, 100 mg; inositol, 100 mg. Mineral premix contained the following minerals as mg per kilogram feed: NaCl, 257; MgSo4, 3855; Na2H2PO4, 6425, KH2PO4, 8224; Ca(H2PO4)2, 13540; Fe C6H5O7, 642.5; ZnSO4, 90.7; MnSO4, 41.6; CuSO4, 7.97; CoCl2, 0.26; KIO3, 0.77.
^bDigestible energy (Kcal/g): (protein%×4, Lipid%×9, Carbohydrate%×4). ^cE/P (Kcal/g protein).

Specific growth rate (SGR), productive protein value (PPV%), feed efficiency (FE%), protein efficiency ratio (PER), hepatosomatic index (HSI), viscerosomatic index (VSI), weight gain and length gain were calculated (Table 2). Five fishes from each replicate were sacrificed for the analysis of proximate composition of whole body (AOAC 1990) and another five fishes for each aquarium were dissected and liver and viscera weighed to determine HSI and VSI, respectively at the end of the experiment. The data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA (Snedecor and Cochran 1967).

Table 2. Growth, FE% and somatic indices of common carp, C. carpio fed diets containing different oil cake sources for period of 90 days.

	Diets
Item	T1	T2	T3	T4
Growth performance
Initial weight* (g)	0.293±0.03	0.293±0.03	0.293±0.03	0.293±0.03
Weight gain (g)	1.824±0.11^b	2.834±0.22^c	1.304±0.10^a	4.284±0.18^d
Initial length* (cm)	2.6±0.19	2.6±0.19	2.6±0.19	2.6±0.19
Length gain (cm)	1.5±0.23^b	2.3±0.12 ^c	1.3±0.21^a	2.9±0.19^d
SGR (%/day)	2.19±0.28^b	2.63±0.13^c	1.88±0.19^a	3.05±0.16^d
Feed efficiency
FCE (%)	40.53±1.15^b	43.60 ±1.30^c	36.38±1.12^a	46.56±1.10^d
PER	0.94±0.05^a	1.16±0.21^c	1.11±0.28^b	1.22±0.23^d
PPV (%)	12.65±1.83^a	26.31±1.75^b	28±2.03^c	42.96±2.10^d
Somatic indices
HSI	0.47±0.02^a	0.48±0.05^a	0.47±0.04^a	0.48±0.03^a
VSI	11.84±0.32^a	12.14±0.60^b	11.87±0.75^a	12.03±0.67^b
Survival (%)	91.66±2.03^a	93.33±2.15^a	91.66±2.03^a	93.33±2.15^a
Body composition (%)
Protein	11.95±0.17^a	12.35±0.11^a	12.10±0.12^a	12.85±0.10^b
Lipid	2.43±0.18^b	3.80±0.32^b	3.10±0.25^b	2.85±0.20^b
Ash	1.93±0.11^a	1.97±0.15^a	1.90±0.18^a	1.92±0.10^a
Moisture	82.45±1.28^a	81.50±1.11^a	81.80±1.15^a	81.60±1.25^a
Note: Values (mean±SD). Values with different superscripts within a row are significantly different (P<0.05). *Means of three replicates (n=3).

Results and discussion

Among the four different diets tested, diet T4 showed higher growth as compared to other diets T1, T2 and T3. Various feed extracts used are known to have antinutritional components. However, many researchers have attempted to neutralise antinutrients in different ways. The growth observed with the diet of CSC is perhaps the detoxification of antinutritional factors by extrusion cooking. The higher value of PER and PPV in diet T4 indicated that the quality of protein is good and also the palatability (Koumi et al. 2009). There have been many opinions on the efficacy of CSC in the diet. It increased growth of fishes tilapia, O. niloticus (El-sayed 1990) channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Robinson and Li 1994; Robinson and Tiersch 1995). Martin (1990) reported that amount of cottonseed meal included in feed depends on the animal species, levels of gossypol, dietary protein and available lysine.

Luo et al. (2006) observed that free gossypol content in cottonseed meal could not be a barrier for its utilisation in fish feed. It is also reported that the fish diet with cottonseed meal promoted the similar growth rate as that of the diet with soybean meal in Oncorhynchus mykiss (Dadgar et al. 2009). The feed conversion efficiency (FCE) in the case of cottonseed meal diet was good and, this may be attributed to its fibre content. Researchers found that the diet of cottonseed meal did not affect the weight gain even when it is 100% and concluded that cottonseed meal can totally replace fish meal and soybean meal with supplementary lysine (Robinson 1991; Blom et al. 2001; Dadgar et al. 2009) or without lysine supplementation (Dadgar et al. 2009). The protein level (42%) is high in CSC and the amino acid profile also has good concentration of arginine, histidine and to some extent lysine, followed by SFC. Agrinine is used for synthesis of creatine which is an energy-rich compound that regenerates muscle ATP (Guillaume et al. 2001). In some studies, it was found that calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and iron concentrations in fish body fell progressively as the level of cottonseed meal increased (Mbahinzireki et al. 2001). Watanabe et al. (1997) reported that manganese concentration decreased while copper increased as cottonseed meal increased in feed. Copper and zinc compete for binding sites on proteins responsible for mineral absorption and synthesis of metalloenzymes (Watanabe et al. 1997). Therefore, to counter this mineral deficiency, experimental diets were supplemented with mineral mixture. The PER, feed conversion efficiency and productive protein values were highest in diet with cottonseed cake as compared to other diets indicating CSC as good feed.

It can be concluded that diet containing CSC was efficiently utilised for growth of C. carpio fry.