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Abstract
This research aimed to investigate the effect of different extraction methods and chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) from Campanula latifolia L. sub-sp. latifolia which is native to Turkey, with different medicinal properties. Phenolic components, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory effects of essential oil (EO), n-hexane, acetonitrile, methanol and water extracts of C. latifolia subsp. latifolia were also studied. The volatile components of the EO, SPME and SPME of n-hexane extracts, obtained from the Campanula latifolia L. subsp. latifolia, were analyzed by GC-FID/MS. A total of 32, 31 and 36 compounds were identified comprising 99.8 %, 99.9 % and 94.4 % of the SPME, SPME of n-hexane extract and EO of C. latifolia subsp. latifolia, respectively. The major compounds identified in the SPME and SPME of n-hexane extract were limonene (44.0 %) and 1,2,3-trimethyl benzene (27.4 %), respectively. Whereas the EO of Campanula latifolia subsp. latifolia was rich with capro aldehyde (23.1 %), nonanal (9.3 %), 2(E)-hexenal (6.8 %), benzene acetaldehyde (6.8 %), E-β-caryophyllene (4.4 %) and E-β-ionone (3.3 %). The phenolic content of extracts was analyzed by RP-HPLC. Results revealed the sinapic, benzoic, syringic and p-coumaric acids as major constituents. Antioxidant activities (DPPH, PRAP and FRAP) and enzyme inhibitory (tyrosinase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and α-glucosidase) effects of the EO, n-hexane, acetonitrile, methanol and water extracts obtained from C. latifolia subsp. latifolia were investigated. The acetonitrile extract, among the other extracts of C. latifolia subsp. latifolia, was found to have the highest antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect for all tested enzymes due to its high phenolic content.