Geologic applications of space shuttle photography

Abstract

Space Shuttle astronauts have used handheld cameras to take ∼30,000 photographs of the Earth as seen from orbit. These pictures provide valuable, true‐color depictions of many geologically significant areas. While the photographs have areal coverages and resolutions similar to the more familiar Landsat MSS and TM images, they differ from the latter in having a wide variety of solar illumination angles and look angles. Astronaut photographs are public domain materials, available from EROS Data Center. Astronaut photographs can be used as very small scale aerial photographs (useful scales are typically 1: 1,000,000 to 1: 100,000) for geologic mapping and planning logistical support for field work. Astronaut photography offers unique opportunities, because of the intelligence and training of the on‐orbit observer, for documenting dynamic geologic activity such as volcanic eruptions, dust storms, etc. Astronauts have photographed more than 3 dozen volcanic eruption plumes, some of which were not reported otherwise. The stereographic capability of astronaut photography also permits three‐dimensional interpretation of geologic land‐forms which is commonly useful in analysis of structural geology. Astronauts have also photographed ∼20 known impact craters as part of project to discover presently unknown examples in Africa, South America, and Australia.