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Original Articles

Anaforiese alternatiewe vir die menslike generiese betreklike konstruksie

Anaphoric alternatives for the human generic relative construction

Pages 52-62 | Received 01 Mar 1997, Accepted 01 Nov 1997, Published online: 23 Jan 2012
 

Abstract

In hierdie artikel word daar gefokus op die linguistiese verskynsel die menslike generiese betreklike konstruksie (MGBK) en die invloed wat sosiale kragte op die keuse van MGBK-variante het. Met behulp van die MGBK word gepoog om vas te stel in hoe 'n mate spesifieke variantkeuses: (a) bevestigend inwerk op manlike dominansie en marginalisering van die vrou; (b) bydra tot die prominentmaking van die vrou en verskansing van die man; en (c) normverplasing in die hand werk. Die MGBK word sintakties met die gewone menslike generiese naamwoordstuk vergelyk, maar verskil van die gewone menslike generiese naamwoordstuk in dié opsig dat die betreklike by sin as 'n integrale onderdeel van die MGBK beskou word. Dus slan die MGBK nie soos in die geval van die gewone menslike generiese naamwoordstuk op die mens(e) oor die algemeen nie, maar op die mens(e) soos gekwalifiseer deur die betreklike bysin. Verskeie subjektiewe of objektiewe faktore kan 'n bepalende rol speel in die keuse van die MGBk-variant. Die gebruik van spesifieke opsies berus op die spreker of skrywer se voorkeur en dit hang weer saam met die sosiale konteks waarin die uiting voorkom. In die keuse van die MGBK-variante kan magsverhoudinge geïllustreer word en/of dit kan gelees word as 'n respons op vorige uitings of kontekste en/of spesifieke waarde-oordele kan uitgespreek word. Hierdie navorsing het bevestig dat normverplasing verband hou met sosiale verandering en het onder andere aangetoon dat 'n groeiende gendersensitiwiteit by taalgebruikers besig is om: (i) manlike dominante taalgebruik uit te rangeer; (ii) toenemend geslagsneutrale terminologie aan te moedig; en (iii) alternatiewe generiese enkoderingsopsies wat prominensie aan die vrou verleen, aan te moedig.

In this article the focus is on the linguistic phenomenon the human generic relative construction (HGRC) and how social forces influence the choice of HGRC variants. The HGRC is used to ascertain to which extent the choice of specific variants: (a) is a corroboration of male dominancy and marginalisation of the female; (b) contributes to giving prominency to women and placing men in an inconspicuous position; and (c) promotes shift in language norms. The HGRC is syntactically compared to the normal human generic noun clause, but differ from it in that the relative noun clause forms an integral part of the HGRC. Therefore, the HGRC does not, as in the case of the normal human generic noun clause, refer to the person(s) in general, but to the person(s) as qualified by the relative noun clause. Different subjective or objective factors determine the choice of the HGRC variant. The use of specific options depends on the preference of the speaker or writer. This again depends on the social context in which the utterance is used. The choice of HGRC variants may illustrate power relationships and/or it may be seen as a response to previous utterances or contexts and/or specific value judgements may be expressed. This research has confirmed that a shift in language norms relates to social change and has also shown that an increasing gender sensitivity amongst language users has resulted in: (i) male dominant use of language being sidelined; (ii) encouraging the use of gender neutral terminology; and (iii) encouraging alternative generic encoding options which give prominence to women.

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