Gender, race and ageing in South Africa

abstract

The proportion of persons 60 and older in South Africa is projected to almost double over the 30 year period between 2000–2030, from 7% to 12%, because of a marked decline in fertility in the last few decades. For Africans in particular, population ageing has meant that a larger proportion of females are reaching old age than their male counterparts (Makiwane, Schneider and Gopane, 2004), leading to a higher proportion of elderly households being headed by women. Through a secondary analysis of the General Household Survey data (2010) this paper explores the intersection between gender, race and ageing in South Africa. The findings from the analysis suggest that more than six out of ten older persons in South Africa are females who generally live longer than males. African females are the least educated and White males are the majority among the elderly with a matric and post-matric qualification. White women are the majority amongst women with secondary school and post-matric qualification and African women are least represented amongst elderly women in employment with the percentage of White women being much lower than that of elderly White men in employment. In feminist politics and theory the imbrication of gender, race and class in explicating women's experiences and development outcomes has been conceptualised in the notion of ‘intersectionality’, a term that denotes the ways in which race, gender and class interact to shape women's, and particularly, Black women's experiences in society. In South Africa, race, gender and class intersect in complex ways to shape elderly people's experiences and development outcomes. This Article argues that state intervention is required to ensure that the most vulnerable group among the elderly population is ensured for a decent standard of living in their old age.

Keywords:

• Ageing
• gender
• race
• intersectionality
• South Africa

Notes

1. The state old age pension is a non-contributory means tested grant (Van der Heever, 2007). The eligibility criteria for accessing the old age pension include: South African citizen or permanent resident living in South Africa, not receiving any other grant, not being cared for by a state institution, not earning more than R47 400 per annum or have assets worth more than R79 200 if single and R98 400 if married and the spouse's assets must not be worth more than R1 584 000. From April 2012 the state pension was increased to R1 200 per month for persons aged 60–74 years and to R1220 for those aged 75 years and above (RSA, 2012). The pension is paid out at a pay point on a specific day every month or an electronic deposit into the bank or Postbank or institutions that care for the elderly (eg old age homes).