Mega-events and the developing world: A look at the legacy of the 2010 Soccer World Cup

Abstract

To consider the legacy of the 2010 Soccer World Cup, after a brief introduction covering the socio-economic and political background of South Africa, this paper defines mega-events, highlighting the additional challenges faced by developing countries competing for hosting privileges versus more developed countries. It focuses on a few examples of perceived tangible benefits to South Africa arising from hosting the World Cup, specifically the construction of several new stadiums, the increase in tourism, and the highspeed ‘Gautrain’, versus the opportunity costs of expenditures on large scale projects that do not directly meet the needs of the poor of South Africa. Finally, an examination of the value of the often over-looked intangible benefits of mega-events like the World Cup follows, including increased national unity in the face of several centrifugal forces and improved international perceptions, especially as the latter relate to South African and African potential. What is the true legacy of the 2010 Soccer World Cup? The discussion will attempt to answer this question.

Keywords:

• South Africa
• soccer
• mega-events
• tourism
• political symbolism

Notes

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3. 1960: Albert Luthuli, 1984: (Archbishop) Desmond Tutu, 1993: Nelson Mandela and FW de Klerk

4. The ‘Rainbow Nation’ idea was initiated by Archbishop Desmond Tutu to drive the post-apartheid period of national reconciliation shaping much of Nelson Mandela's presidency. Today it continues to be a national slogan for unity.

5. South Africa uses the American term ‘soccer’ for football.

6. Any reference to the World Cup must be taken to be a reference to the 2010 FIFA World Cup unless otherwise specified.

7. BBC, ‘SA wins 2010 vote’, 15 May 2004, <http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/3716521.stm>.

8. Cornelissen S, ‘“It's Africa's turn!” The narratives and legitimations surrounding the Moroccan and South African bids for the 2006 and 2010 FIFA finals’, Third World Quarterly, 25, 7, 2004, pp. 1293–309; Van der Merwe J, ‘Political analysis of South Africa's hosting of the rugby and cricket world cups: Lesson for the 2010 Football World Cup and beyond?’, Politikon, 34, 1, 2007, p. 70.

9. Kathrada A, Memoirs. Cape Town: Zebra Press, 2004, p. 371.

10. World Bank, ‘World development indicators’, 2010, pp. 32–34 <http://data.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/wdi-final.pdf>.

11. The Gini coefficient measures relative inequality in which 0 represents total equality and 1, total inequality.

12. The South African Presidency, ‘Development indicators 2010’, pp. 21, 26, 27, 41. <http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/MediaLib/Downloads/Home/Publications/NationalPlanningCommission4/Development%20Indicators2010.pdf>; Statistics South Africa, ‘Quarterly labour force survey: 2nd quarter’, 27 July 2010, p. 2, <http://www.statssa.gov.za/keyindicators/QLFS/Press/Q2_2010_Press_Statement.pdf>.

13. Avert Organisation, ‘South Africa HIV and AIDS statistics’, 2010, <http://www.avert.org/safricastats.htm>. It should be noted that estimating HIV statistics is particularly difficult, due to the associated stigma which discourages people from being tested or recognising their status. This is particularly prevalent in South Africa. Therefore, it should be assumed that these numbers are considerably higher than recorded.

14. For more detail see Anthony Altbeker's book A Country at War with Itself: South Africa's Crisis of Crime. Jeppestown: Jonathon Ball Publishers, 2007.

15. The UN Development Report ranks countries according to a number of different measures including: percentage of GDP spent on education and public health, gender inequality index, maternal mortality rate, shares in parliament (F/M), under five mortality rate and life expectancy. See United Nations Development Programme, ‘Human development report 2010’, <http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete_reprint.pdf>.

16. Also referred to as hallmark tourist events, or special events.

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18. Danny Jordaan quoted in Alegi P, African Soccerscapes: How a Continent Changed the World's Game. London: C. Hurst & Co., 2010, pp. 127–32.^* South African Government Communications, ‘Government assessment of the 2010 FIFA World Cup’, 14 July 2010, <http://www.sa2010.gov.za/en/node/3353>.

19. Although the Gautrain was open for the World Cup some routes were still being finalised. The Johannesburg–Pretoria line was opened on 2 August 2011.

20. African Response, ‘2010 World Cup visitor survey: 92% would recommend South Africa’, 16 July 2010, pp. 1–6, <http://www.africanresponse.co.za/PressOffice2010.aspx>.

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22. These include but are not limited to housing, health care services, sufficient food and water, social security and basic education. The right to healthcare is particularly relevant in light of the HIV and AIDS pandemic. For more detail see: South African Constitution Chapter 2: Bill of Rights, Sections 26–27, 29.

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24. Nation-building can be defined as ‘the process whereby the inhabitants of a state … [become] loyal citizens of that state’. For more detail see Bloom W, Personal Identity, National Identity and International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 55. In the case of South Africa, nation-building has a specific role to play advocating for national unity in the post-apartheid era.

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31. In this context, government refers to the National Government of the Republic of South Africa.

32. As of 10 September 2011, the only official figure for the total cost of the World Cup to the South African government was available via the 2010/2011 South African Yearbook. This figure (R33 billion) is referenced in numerous newspaper articles as the cost of the stadiums only which suggests there are additional expenses excluded from the South African Yearbook report. Conclusive total figures will only be available once all government departments have submitted their financial reports for the 2010/2011 year.

33. This and all following dollar figures are calculated from rand figures based on an approximate exchange rate as at time of publication: R7/$1.

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45. ‘South Africa in the bidding race’, 21 May 2003, <http://www.sportbusiness.com/news/151294/south-africa-in-the-bidding-race>.

46. The bid process was launched shortly after the April 2004 general elections. For more detail see; Van der Merwe J, ‘The road to Africa: South Africa's hosting of the ‘African’ World Cup?’, in in Pillay U, R Tomlinson & O Bass (eds), Development and Dreams: The Urban Legacy of the 2010 Football World Cup. Cape Town: HSRC Press, 2009, p. 30.

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