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Articles

What Mbeki did next: Continuities in the presidential and post-presidential diplomacy of Thabo Mbeki

 

Abstract

Thabo Mbeki's presidency was credited with bringing vision and substance to South Africa's foreign policy through the emphasis of the African agenda. He has continued his prominent diplomatic role since the end of his official terms in office. This article examines the post-presidency of Mbeki in the context of Africa's ‘second-wave’ of democracy, which has created the opportunity for a number of former presidents and prime ministers to continue to play a meaningful role in public life after leaving office. The article also examines Mbeki's activities since leaving office, and their interaction with South African foreign policy, and with his own role in the governing ANC since being recalled from the Presidency by the party. The conclusion draws together the findings and considers Mbeki's lasting contribution to Africa's international relations.

Notes

1. City Press, ‘Cheers for Mbeki, some boo Zuma at Mandela memorial’, 10 December 2013, http://www.citypress.co.za/politics/cheers-mbeki-boo-zuma-mandela-memorial/ (accessed 10 February 2014).

2. Foster, Cody James, ‘A forgotten catalyst: Herbert Hoover and the creation of the modern American post-presidency’, The Journal of the Historical Society, XIII.1, 2013, pp. 69–94, at p. 72.

3. Foster, Cody James, ‘A forgotten catalyst: Herbert Hoover and the creation of the modern American post-presidency’, The Journal of the Historical Society, XIII.1, 2013, pp. 69–94, at pp. 71–72.

4. Melber, Henning & Roger Southall, ‘Introduction: about life after presidency’, in Southall, Roger & Henning Melber (eds), Legacies of Power: Leadership change and former presidents in African politics. Cape Town: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet and HSRC Press, 2006, pp. xv–xxvi, at p. xxii.

5. Melber, Henning & Roger Southall, ‘Introduction: about life after presidency’, in Southall, Roger & Henning Melber (eds), Legacies of Power: Leadership change and former presidents in African politics. Cape Town: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet and HSRC Press, 2006, pp. xv–xxvi, at p. xvii.

6. Southall, Roger, Neo Simutanyi & John Daniel, ‘Former presidents in African politics,’ in Southall, Roger & Henning Melber (eds), Legacies of Power: Leadership Change and Former Presidents in African Politics. Cape Town: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet and HSRC Press, 2006, pp. 1–25, at p. 15.

7. Chissano, Joaquim. ‘An open letter to Africa's leaders – Joaquim Chissano, former President of Mozambique’, in The Africa Report, 2014, http://www.theafricareport.com/Soapbox/an-open-letter-to-africas-leaders-joaquim-chissano-former-president-of-mozambique.html (accessed 10 February 2014). I thank an anonymous reviewer for pointing this out.

8. See Chikane, Frank, Eight Days in September: The Removal of Thabo Mbeki. Johannesburg: Picador Africa, 2012, pp. 41–45.

9. For a review of this literature, see Hudson, Valerie & Christopher S. Vore, ‘Foreign policy analysis yesterday, today and tomorrow’, Mershon International Studies Review, 39.2, 1995, pp. 209–238.

10. Hagan, Joe, Political Opposition and Foreign Policy in Comparative Perspective. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1993, p. 124.

11. Hudson, Valerie, Foreign Policy Analysis: Classic and Contemporary Theory. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2007, pp. 128–129.

12. Alden, Chris & Garth Le Pere, ‘South Africa's post-Apartheid foreign policy – From reconciliation to revival?’, Adelphi Paper, 43.362, 2007, p. 72. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies.

13. IRIN News, ‘South Africa: ANC alliance partners to develop common position on Zimbabwe’, 25 January 2005, http://www.irinnews.org/fr/report/52797/south-africa-anc-alliance-partners-to-develop-common-zimbabwe-position (accessed online on 28 February 2014).

14. Olivier, Gerrit, ‘Is Thabo Mbeki Africa's saviour?’, International Affairs, 79.4, 2003, pp. 815–828 at p. 815.

15. See also Gumede, William, Thabo Mbeki and the Battle for the Soul of the ANC. Cape Town: Zebra Press, 2007, p. 372.

16. See, for example, Mangcu, Xolela, To the Brink: The State of Democracy in South Africa. Scottsville: University of Kwa-Zulu-Natal Press, 2008; Jacobs, Sean & Richard Calland (eds), Thabo Mbeki's World: The Politics and Ideology of the South African President. Cape Town: Zed Books, 2003. Gumede, William, Thabo Mbeki and the Battle for the Soul of the ANC. Cape Town: Zebra Press, 2007, p. 372.

17. Mangcu, Xolela, To the Brink: The State of Democracy in South Africa. Scottsville: University of Kwa-Zulu-Natal Press, 2008, p. 2.

18. See Gevisser, Mark, Thabo Mbeki: The Dream Deferred. Cape Town: Jonathan Ball, 2007.

19. See Nathan, Laurie, ‘Anti-imperialism trumps human rights: South Africa's approach to the Darfur conflict’, Working Paper 31, Crisis States Research Centre, LSE, February 2008, pp. 5–8.

20. Interview with the author, 24 July, 2007, Pretoria. ‘Colonialism of a special type’ is a term that described South Africa's unique situation in which the colonial ruling class – usually located in the metropole – and the oppressed colonial majority were located in the same country. Adapted from O'Malley, Padraig, no date, website of the Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory and Dialogue, http://www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv02730/05lv03005/06lv03132/07lv03140/08lv03144.htm (accessed 5 September 2011).

21. PanAfrican News Agency, ‘South Africa: Mbeki blames “Global Apartheid” for loss of 2006 World Cup’, 14 July 2000, http://allafrica.com/stories/200007180231.html (accessed 9 May 2014).

22. Parliamentary Hansard, ‘Employment of South African National Defence Force in Haiti in fulfilment of the international obligations of the Republic of South Africa towards the United Nations’, 9 February, 2004, pp. 345–348.

23. Von Einsiedel, Sebastian & David M. Malone, ‘Peace and democracy for Haiti: A UN mission impossible?’, International Relations, 20.2, 2006, pp. 153–174 at p. 163.

24. Mbeki, Thabo, ‘Haiti after the press went home’, ANC Today, 4.29, 23–29 July 2004, http://www.anc.org.za/docs/anctoday/2004/at29.htm (accessed 8 December 2010).

25. Mbeki, Thabo, ‘Haiti after the press went home’, ANC Today, 4.29, 23–29 July 2004, http://www.anc.org.za/docs/anctoday/2004/at29.htm (accessed 8 December 2010).

26. Mbeki, Thabo, ‘Haiti after the press went home’, ANC Today, 4.29, 23–29 July 2004, http://www.anc.org.za/docs/anctoday/2004/at29.htm (accessed 8 December 2010).

27. McGreal, Chris, ‘“I have been a loyal member of the ANC for 52 years” – Mbeki resigns in TV address’, The Guardian, 2008, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/sep/22/southafrica (accessed 11 February 2014).

28. Simao, Paul, ‘Mbeki's rule in limbo as S Africa townships burn’, Reuters, 2008, http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/05/26/uk-safrica-violence-mbeki-idUKL2624629020080526 (29 October 2013).

29. Act 51 of 2000 created the African Renaissance Fund, ‘for the purpose of enhancing international co-operation with and on the African Continent and to confirm the Republic of South Africa's commitment to Africa’.

30. South Africa despatched troops to Haiti ‘to assist the Government … in celebrating two hundred years of its independence and victory in the struggle against slavery in the Americas’. Some 139 personnel were deployed, along with one combat support ship, one harbour patrol boat and one helicopter. See Parliamentary Hansard, 2004. ‘Employment of the South African National Defence Force in Haiti in Fulfillment of the International Obligations of the Republic of South Africa Towards the United Nations’, 9 February 2004, pp. 345–348. Financial, diplomatic and training assistance has also been provided to the Palestinian people. See ‘Statement by Deputy Minister Ebrahim on the Palestinian/Israeli Situation’, DIRCO, no date, http://www.dfa.gov.za/docs/2012/pale0817.html (accessed 9 May 2014).

31. The author was present at workshops hosted by the Centre for Policy Studies in Johannesburg in 2001–2004 on the future of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwean expats were present and voiced their frustration at the position of the South African government.

32. Tromp, Beauregard, ‘Mbeki surrenders “peacemaker” role in Abidjan’, IOL News, 19 October 2006, http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/mbeki-surrenders-peacemaker-role-in-abidjan-1.299189#.U20WZ3mKDIU (accessed 9 May 2014).

33. Southall, Roger, Neo Simutanyi & John Daniel. 2006. ‘Chapter 1: Former presidents in African politics’, in Southall, Roger & Henning Melber (eds) Legacies of Power: Leadership Change and Former Presidents in African Politics. Cape Town: HSRC Press, pp. 1–25, at p. 15.

34. For a sample, see Lipton, Merle, ‘Understanding South Africa's foreign policy: The perplexing case of Zimbabwe’, The South African Journal of International Affairs, 16.3, 2009, pp. 331–346; McKinley, Dale T., ‘South African foreign policy towards Zimbabwe under Mbeki’, Review of African Political Economy, 31.100, 2004, pp. 357–364; Phimister, Ian & Brian Raftopoulos, ‘Mugabe, Mbeki & the politics of anti-imperialism’, Review of African Political Economy, 31.101, 2004, pp. 385–400.

35. Myburgh, James, ‘How not to deal with dictators’, Politicsweb, 2008, http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=96124&sn=Detail (accessed 28 February 2014).

36. Hammill, James & John Hoffman, ‘“Quiet diplomacy” or appeasement? South African policy towards Zimbabwe’, The Round Table, 98.402, 2009, pp. 373–384 at p. 375.

37. Biti, Tendai, ‘Mbeki was key in protecting Mugabe: Biti’, Nehanda Radio, 2013, http://nehandaradio.com/2013/09/29/mbeki-was-key-in-protecting-mugabe-biti/ (accessed 29 October 2013).

38. The Guardian, ‘G8 condemns Mbeki's quiet diplomacy over Zimbabwe’, 7 July 2008, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/07/zimbabwe.southafrica1 (accessed 28 February 2014).

39. Mail and Guardian, ‘SA backs Mbeki as Zim mediator’, 2 October 2008, http://www.mg.co.za/article/2008-10-02-sa-backs-mbeki-as-zim-mediator (accessed 29 October 2013).

40. Mbeki, Thabo, Address to UNISA's Thabo Mbeki African Leadership Institute on 23 August 2013, http://allafrica.com/stories/201308310061.html (accessed 29 October 2013).

41. BBC News, ‘Thabo Mbeki begins Ivory Coast mediation mission’, 5 December 2010, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11920739 (accessed 29 October, 2013).

42. Mbeki, Thabo, ‘What the world got wrong in Côte D'Ivoire’, Foreign Policy, 29 April 2011.

43. Nambiar, Vijay, ‘Dear President Mbeki: The United Nations helped save the Ivory Coast’, Foreign Policy, 17 August 2011.

45. African Union Peace and Security Council, ‘Report on the activities of the African Union High-Level Implementation Panel for Sudan and South Sudan and other Related Issues’, 23 September 2013. New York.

46. Website of the Thabo Mbeki Foundation, http://www.thabombekifoundation.org.za/SitePages/WhatWeDo.aspx (accessed 25 October 2013).

47. http://www.concernedafricans.co.za/. The names of the signatories to the petition have since been removed from all websites bearing the petition.

48. http://www.concernedafricans.co.za/. The names of the signatories to the petition have since been removed from all websites bearing the petition.

49. The Concerned Africans Forum.

50. Mbeki, Thabo & Mahmood Mamdani, ‘Courts can't end civil wars’, New York Times, 5 February 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/06/opinion/courts-cant-end-civil-wars.html?ref=opinion&_r=1 (accessed 9 February 2014).

51. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, ‘The High Level Panel on Illicit Financial Flows meets in Lusaka’, http://www.uneca.org/media-centre/stories/high-level-panel-illicit-financial-flows-meets-lusaka (accessed 11 February 2014).

52. de Lange, Deon, ‘What does SA think about Thabo's “recall”?’, IOL News, 27 September 2008, http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/what-does-sa-think-about-thabo-s-recall-1.418011#.Uor1AGRhSE4

53. Southall, Roger, Neo Simutanyi & John Daniel, ‘Chapter 1: Former presidents in African politics’, in Southall, Roger & Henning Melber (eds), Legacies of Power: Leadership Change and Former Presidents in African Politics. Cape Town: HSRC Press, 2006, p. 22.

54. Allison, Simon. ‘Cyril in South Sudan: The grooming of an African statesman’, in The Daily Maverick, 4 February 2014, http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2014-02-04-cyril-in-south-sudan-the-grooming-of-an-african-statesman/#.UxBnL_SSyJU (accessed 28 February 2014).

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