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Articles

The digital transformation of diplomacy: Implications for the African Union and continental diplomacy

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ABSTRACT

Digital transformation presents a unique challenge for diplomats. It encompasses much more than the digitalisation of diplomatic practice but entails a breakaway from traditional diplomatic engagement. Digital transformation provides new avenues for African countries to advance their interests and embrace agility in their diplomatic practice. More importantly, it offers African states the impetus to harmonise their policies and operationalise existing instruments to realise the dream of socio-economic stability and prosperity. The founding documents of the African Union give expression to this vision. For African countries, these changes present both a challenge and an opportunity. This article provides a conceptual overview of the implications of the digital transformation of diplomacy in Africa. It traces the evolution of the African Union’s digital transformation efforts as an opportunity to revitalise its continental diplomacy.

Acknowledgments

The author is grateful to Martha Bridgman and the anonymous referees for their helpful comments on previous drafts.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1 See Mark Weiser, “Virtual Tools for Real Diplomacy,” in Proceedings of the Virtual Diplomacy Conference of the United States Institute of Peace, April 1997, US Institute of Peace, https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/virtual_tools_diplomacy_vdi.pdf; Corneliu Bjola and Marcus Holmes, eds. Digital Diplomacy: Theory and Practice (London: Routledge, 2015); Andreas Sandre, Digital Diplomacy: Conversations on Innovation in Foreign Policy (London: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015); Olubukola S. Adesina, “Foreign Policy in an Era of Digital Diplomacy,” African Journal for the Psychological Studies of Social Issues 19, no. 3 (2016): 169–89; Jess Pilegaard, “Virtually virtual? The New Frontiers of Diplomacy,” The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 12, no. 4 (2016): 316–36.

2 Corneliu Bjola, “Digital Diplomacy 2.0: Trends and Counter-trends in Digital Diplomacy,” Revista Mexicana de Politica Exterior 113 (2019): 1–14.

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4 Nagy K Hanna, Transforming Government and Building the Information Society: Challenges and Opportunities for the Developing World (Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media, 2010); William D Eggers and Joel Bellman, The Journey to Government’s Digital Transformation (New York: Deloitte University Press, 2015); David Eaves and Georges Clement, eds. 2019 State of Digital Transformation (Cambridge: Harvard University, 2020), http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:42668886.

5 Corneliu Bjola, “Adapting Diplomacy to The Digital Age: Managing the Organisational Cultures of Ministries of Foreign Affairs,” (Working Paper 1, Oxford Digital Diplomacy Research Group, 2018), https://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/sites/www.odid.ox.ac.uk/files/DigDiploROxWP1.pdf.

6 Daniel W. Drezner, “Weighing the Scales: The Internet's Effect On State-Society Relations,” The Brown Journal of World Affairs 16, no. 2 (2010): 31–44.

7 Nicholas Westcott, “Digital Diplomacy: The Impact of the Internet on International Relations,” OII Working Paper No. 16, July 1, 2008, https://ssrn.com/abstract=1326476.

8 Brian Hocking and Jan Melissen, “Diplomacy and Digital Disruption,” in Rethinking International Institutions: Diplomacy and the impact on emerging world order, eds. Wilhelm Hofmeister and Jan Melissen (Singapore: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung; The Hague: Clingendael, 2016), 13–26.

9 Hocking and Melissen, “Diplomacy and Digital Disruption,” 22.

10 OECD and WTO, Aid for Trade at a Glance 2017: Promoting Trade, Inclusiveness and Connectivity for Sustainable Development (Geneva: WTO/Paris:OECD Publishing, 2017), 243–260.

11 Jiyar Hossein Aghapouri, “Towards pluralistic and grassroots national identity: a study of national identity representation by the Kurdish diaspora on social media,” National Identities 22, no.:2 (2020):173–192.

12 See André Barrinha and Thomas Renard, “Cyber-diplomacy: The Making of an International Society in the Digital Age,” Global Affairs 3, no. 4–5 (2017): 353–64; Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, Digital Foreign Policy 20212024 (Zürich: Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, 2020), https://www.eda.admin.ch/dam/eda/en/documents/publications/SchweizerischeAussenpolitik/20201104-strategie-digitalaussenpolitik_EN.pdf.

13 Hocking and Melissen, “Diplomacy and Digital Disruption,” 21–3.

14 The Whole-of- Government is an approach to public administration that champions various government under a shared vision. For more information see United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations E-Government Survey 2012: E-Government for the People (United Nations: New York, 2012), 55–71.

15 Hocking and Melissen, “Diplomacy and Digital Disruption,” 13–26.

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23 Scholte, “From Government to Governance: Transition to a New Diplomacy,” 54–8.

24 Richard Adler, Diplomacy in the Age of Networks (Washington: Aspen Institute, 2018), 4.

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26 Interoperability refers to the ability for different computer systems to connect and communicate with each other. In other words, the ability for systems to speak the same language.

27 Ines Mergel, Noella Edelmann and Nathalie Haug, “Defining Digital Transformation: Results from Expert Interviews,” Government Information Quarterly 36, no. 4 (2019): 101385.

28 Hocking and Melissen, “Diplomacy and Digital Disruption,” 13.

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38 Applications are programmes or software that is developed to serve a function. In an organisation, they may be developed as in interface between departments, or interface between users and the organisation. The purpose of development is determined by the organisation. In diplomacy, for instance, a negotiator app was developed for diplomats attending the COP-17. See “UN releases iOS apps for COP 17,” Hindustan Times, November 6, 2011, https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/un-releases-ios-apps-for-cop-17-story-gpkRj6k6fbR9IsZeUSJ7LK.html.

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Notes on contributors

Odilile Ayodele

Odilile Ayodele is a Senior Research Associate with the BRICS Project in the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Johannesburg, South Africa. She holds a PhD in Politics (University of Johannesburg), and her research explores the politics of digitalisation in Africa.

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