Notes
1 See Kazem Hashem Naame, Russia and the Middle East After the Cold War (Doha: Arab Center for Research & Policy Studies, 2016), https://bookstore.dohainstitute.org/p-803.aspx.
2 See Alexey Vasiliev, Russia's Middle East Policy: From Lenin to Putin (London: Routledge, 2020).
3 See Chiara Lovotti et al., eds., Russia in the Middle East and North Africa: Continuity and Change (London: Routledge, 2021).