Middle Powers And The Demand For Military Expenditures

Abstract

This paper identifies and classifies middle power nations through the use of broad political science definitions, the demand for military expenditures models and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. The latter is used as a simple quantifiable measure of relative and potential military power. The paper also develops and utilizes a threat variable that is applicable to middle power nations. The panel data analysis shows that the middle power nations react to threat variables that proxy global instability utilize foreign aid as a complementary policy tool along with military expenditures, and face significant trade-offs between military and non-military government spending.

Keywords:

• Threat
• NATO
• Demand for Military Expenditure
• Middle Powers Countries
• Panel Data

JEL Codes:

• H56
• C33

View correction statement:

Erratum

Notes

¹ We acknowledge the comments of the anonymous referee and used the SURE methodology to estimate our model.

² Note that using SURE, for four out of the nine countries foreign aid is a complementary tool (as shown in Table V).