Relapse of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and outcomes at a reference center in Latin America: organomegaly at diagnosis is a significant clinical predictor

ABSTRACT

Objective: Relapse is the major cause of treatment failure in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) of childhood; it is more frequent among high-risk patients from low-middle income than from high-income countries. The frequency, sites and outcome of relapsed ALL in children of northeast Mexico over a decade was documented.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of 246 children belonging to a low-income group <16 years with de novo ALL during 2004–2015 was performed. Five-year overall survival (OS) and event-free survival was estimated by Kaplan–Meier analysis. Data on time, site, response to therapy and final outcome of relapse were analyzed. Hazard ratios (HRs) of relapse and death were estimated by the Cox regression model. Very early relapse was defined as that occurring in <18 months, early relapse between 18 and 36 months, and late relapse >36 months from diagnosis, respectively.

Results: Eighty-seven (35.4%) children relapsed. Five-year OS was 82.6% in children without relapse vs. 42% for relapsed patients. Bone marrow (BM) was the most frequent site of relapse (51.72%). Isolated central nervous system (CNS) relapses occurred in 29.9%. Five-year OS was 11.2% for BM and 15.5% for early relapse. HR of relapse for organomegaly was 3.683, 2.247 for an initial white blood cell count >50 000 × 10⁹/l and 1.169 for positive minimal residual disease status.

Conclusion: A high rate of very early, CNS, and BM relapse with a considerably low 5-year OS requiring reassessment of therapy was documented. Organomegaly at diagnosis was a highly significant clinical predictor for relapse.

KEYWORDS:

• Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
• relapse
• pediatric hematology
• low-middle-income country
• Latin America
• survival rates

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

ORCID

José Carlos Jaime-Pérez http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6804-9095

David Gómez-Almaguer http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0460-6427