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ABSTRACT
International Organisations (IOs) are crucial actors in spearheading the global adoption of anti-money-laundering (AML) legislation. However, the extent to which AML legislation has been implemented in Zimbabwe under the aegis of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and East Africa and Southern Africa Money Laundering Group (ESSAMALG) may put the efficacy of legislation passed at the behest of IOs into question. This article suggests that glocalisation may enhance the international fight against money-laundering. That is to say, international standards should be applied domestically with due regard for local legislative environment.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.
Notes on contributor
Prosper Maguchu Dr Juris is a researcher and a lawyer specialising in human rights, financial crimes, large scale conspiracies, sanctions, and odious debts.
Notes
1. Although this article is focusing on money-laundering, this is only a matter of style, arguements advanced in this article are equally applicable mutatis mutandis to CTF.
2. See in general Sharman, The Money Laundry.
3. See in general Demetis, Technology and Anti-Money Laundering; ibid.; Amrani, Development of Anti Money Laundering Regime.
4. Public Law 99-570, also nicknamed the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986
5. Sharman, Global Anti-Money Laundering Regime, 11.
6. See in general Ryder, Money Laundering an Endless Cycle?
7. United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 19 December 1988, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/49997af90.html (accessed 6 July 2017).
8. UN General Assembly, International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, 9 December 1999, No. 38349, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3dda0b867.html (accessed 6 July 2017).
9. UN General Assembly, United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime: Resolution / Adopted by the General Assembly, 8 January 2001, A/RES/55/25, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f55b0.html (accessed 6 July 2017).
10. UN General Assembly, United Nations Convention Against Corruption, 31 October 2003, A/58/422, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/4374b9524.html (accessed 6 July 2017).
11. The UNSC administers a list pursuant to UNSC Resolution 1267 (and 1333, 1390, 1455, 1526, 1617 and 1735).
12. FATF, FATF Mandate, 2.
13. Demetis, Technology and Anti-Money Laundering, 1.
14. Sharman, ‘Power and Discourse in Policy Diffusion’, 635.
15. Brillo, ‘Politics of the Anti-Money Laundering Act’, 112.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Mugarura, Global Anti-Money Laundering Regulatory, 37–8.
20. Brillo, ‘Politics of the Anti-Money Laundering Act’, 112.
21. Sharman, The Money Laundry, 99.
22. Ibid., 129.
23. Gubbay, ‘Report on Money Laundering’, 277.
24. Act 12 of 1990 s63
25. Gubbay, ‘Report on Money Laundering’, 278, ‘Proposed Additional Money-Laundering Legislation’, 380.
26. Regrettably the Bill citation is not available publicly.
27. Gubbay, ‘Proposed Additional Money-Laundering Legislation’, 381
28. Chapter 24, 24.
29. Chapter 9, 23.
30. Feltoe, Commentary on the Criminal Law, i.
31. Fundira, ‘Money Laundering in Zimbabwe’.
32. ESAAMLG, Mutual Evaluation/Detailed Assessment Report.
33. See the Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001.
34. Other countries outside the EU and USA were Australia and Canada.
35. H.B., 4, 2013.
36. Cassara, Hide and Seek Intelligence.
37. Ibid.
38. Sharman, Power and Discourse in Policy Diffusion, 636.
39. Constitution s.117 (2)(b).
40. Constitution s.118.
41. Constitution s.131 See also Madhuku, Introduction to Zimbabwean Law, 44.
42. Constitution s.139.
43. Cross et al., Statutory Interpretation, 11, Madhuku, Introduction to Zimbabwean Law, 44.
44. Madhuku, Introduction to Zimbabwean Law, 50–1.
45. Timba, Parliament of Zimbabwe Hansard.
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid.
48. Transparency International, ‘Glass Quarter Full?’
49. Standing Orders, Clause 2.1.
50. Chitsunga, Parliament of Zimbabwe Hansard.
51. Brillo, ‘Politics of the Anti-Money Laundering Act’, 110.
52. Ibid..
53. Gnutzmann et al., ‘Dancing with the Devil’.
54. Goredema, Money Laundering in East and Southern Africa,1.
55. Thoumi, and Anzola, ‘Asset and Money Laundering’, 455.
56. Alldridge, What Went Wrong With Money Laundering Law?, 8.
57. Sharman, ‘Power and Discourse in Policy Diffusion’, 652.
58. Robertson, ‘Globalisation or Glocalisation?’ 28.
59. Ibid., 28.
60. Hobbs, ‘Going Down the Glocal’, 407.
61. Shannu, ‘Anti-Money Laundering Law in India’, 3–4.
62. Ibid., 12.
63. Ibid., 7 fn 28.
64. Ibid., 7.
65. Ibid., 11–12.
66. Geiringer et al. Whats the Hurry, 18–19.
67. The Terrorism Act 2000.
68. Professor Carol Harlow, a government expert at the London School of Economics, quoted by Dilley in the BBC News 5 July 2000.