https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8705-804X
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ABSTRACT
To achieve development in a state of insecurity is a mirage. Africa is caught in this web, as every sub-region faces security challenges. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were developed as frameworks to fast track development in developing countries and sustain it in developed countries through global partnerships. This study is an advocacy to reinvent the role development partners can play to prevent and contain insecurity in the continent. It examines insecurity and development scenarios of countries in Africa, relying on the analysis of secondary data. Based on the triangulation of the Development Partnership Approach and Structural-Functional Approach as the framework for the study analysis, the findings suggest that development partners need to do more to prevent and contain insecurity in the region. The study proposes ways the development partners can achieve these.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes
1 Crick, In Defense of Politics.
2 Sapkota and Tharu, ‘Development as a “Contested Discourse”: An Overview’.
3 McArthur, ‘The Origins of the Millennium Development Goals’, 20.
4 Society for International Development, ‘What is Development?’
5 United Nations, ‘Sustainable Development Goals’.
6 Institute for Economics & Peace, Global Peace Index 2021.
7 Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa.
8 Moyo, Dead Aid: Why Aid is not Working and How there is Another Way for Africa.
9 United Nations, ‘United Nations Millennium Declaration’.
10 United Nations, ‘Sustainable Development Goals’.
11 United Nations Development Programme, ‘Human Development Report 2020. The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene’.
12 The GlobalEconomy.com, ‘Security Threats Index – Country Rankings’.
13 Institute for Economics & Peace, Global Peace Index 2021.
14 Collier, ‘Security Threats Facing Africa and its Capacity to Respond’.
15 The authors’ explanation of de-development in the context of the study as the destruction of: (i) human and physical infrastructure that facilitates development, (ii) development process, and (iii) the prevention of new development initiatives.
16 Collier, ‘Security Threats Facing Africa and its Capacity to Respond’.
17 Chukwu and Anachunam, ‘Security Challenges and Leadership in Africa, 1960–2019’.
18 Institute for Economics & Peace, Global Peace Index 2021, 6.
19 United Nations, ‘United Nations Millennium Declaration’ 3.
20 United Nations Statistics Division, ‘Official List of MDG Indicators’.
21 McArthur, ‘The Origins of the Millennium Development Goals’, 6, 20.
22 Ibid., 6
23 Millennium Development Goals – Fund, ‘Our Approach: Millennium Development Goals’.
24 United Nations, ‘United Nations Millennium Declaration’ 4.
25 SDG Tracker, ‘Measuring Progress Towards the Sustainable Development Goals’.
26 United Nations, ‘Sustainable Development Goals’.
27 United Nations Statistics Division, ‘Global Indicator Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals and Targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’.
28 Ibid., 17.
29 Ibid., 18.
30 Ibid., 20.
31 Ibid., 20.
32 Ibid., 20–21.
33 Crawford, ‘Partnership or Power? Deconstructing the “Partnership for Governance Reform” in Indonesia’.
34 Onwughalu et al., Elements of Government, 187.
35 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Shaping the 21st Century’.
36 Lewis, The Management of Non-Governmental Development Organizations, 75.
37 Brinkerhoff, ‘Assessing and Improving Partnership Relationships and Outcomes: A Proposed Framework’.
38 Platonova, ‘International Development Partnerships and Diffusion of Renewable Energy Powered Lighting Technologies in Off-Grid Communities in Developing Countries: Exploratory Study in Talamanca, Costa Rica’ 147.
39 Bailey, and Dolan, ‘The Meaning of Partnership in Development: Lessons in Development Education, Policy and Practice, 32.
40 Ibid., 34.
41 World Bank, ‘A Proposal for a Comprehensive Development Framework’.
42 Department for International Development, ‘Eliminating World Poverty: A Challenge for the 21st Century’.
43 Platonova, ‘International Development Partnerships and Diffusion of Renewable Energy Powered Lighting Technologies in Off-Grid Communities in Developing Countries’ 148.
44 Selsky, and Parker, ‘Cross-Sector Partnerships to Address Social Issues: Challenges to Theory and Practice’, 854.
45 Ibid., 865.
46 Almond, ‘Comparative Political Systems’.
47 Nitisha, ‘Almond’s Model: Structural Functionalism’.
48 Chikendu, ‘PSC 419: Conceptual Approaches to Political Analysis’.
49 McArthur, ‘The Origins of the Millennium Development Goals’, 6.
50 Universal Rights Group, ‘Global Human Rights Implementation Agenda: The Role of International Development Partners’ 3.
51 McArthur, ‘The Origins of the Millennium Development Goals’, 7.
52 Institute for Economics & Peace, Global Peace Index 2021, 3.
53 Ibid., 20.
54 The GlobalEconomy.com, ‘Security Threats Index – Country Rankings’.
55 Institute for Economics & Peace, Global Peace Index 2021, 33.
56 Ibid., 50.
57 Collier, ‘Security Threats Facing Africa and its Capacity to Respond’.
58 Campbell, ‘Sub-Saharan Security Tracker’.
59 Collier, ‘Security Threats Facing Africa and its Capacity to Respond’.
60 Campbell, ‘Sub-Saharan Security Tracker’.
61 Loanes, ‘How to Understand the Recent Coups in Africa’.
62 Dan Suleiman and Onapajo, ‘Why West Africa has had so Many Coups and How to Prevent More’.
63 Aina and Al-bakri Nyei, ‘Why Have Civilians Welcomed the Recent Coups in Africa?’.
64 Ibid.
65 Dan Suleiman and Onapajo, ‘Why West Africa has had so Many Coups and How to Prevent More’.
66 Ibid.
67 Loanes, ‘How to Understand the Recent Coups in Africa’.
68 Ogbonnaya, ‘How Illegal Mining is Driving Local Conflicts in Nigeria’.
69 Igwe, ‘Illicit Natural Resource Extraction in Nigeria Fuels Violence and Insecurity’.
70 Vanguard, ‘Defend Yourselves with Arms against Bandits, Zamfara Govt Tells Residents’.
71 The indicators of the Institute for Economics & Peace (2021) used in the section on Mapping insecurity and development in Africa were presented in italics.
72 Institute for Economics & Peace, Global Peace Index 2021, 20.
73 International Organization for Migration, World Migration Report 2020, 43–44.
74 Institute for Economics & Peace, Global Peace Index 2021, 33–34.
75 International Organization for Migration, World Migration Report 2020, 58.
76 World Health Organization, ‘Millennium Development Goals’.
77 African Development Bank, ‘Post-2015 Development Agenda’.
78 Institute for Economics & Peace, Global Peace Index 2021, 38.
79 Ibid., 45.
80 Ibid., 43–44.
81 Ibid., 24.
82 Fowler, ‘Beyond Partnership: Getting Real about NGO Relationships in the Aid System, 3.
83 Ibid., 7.
84 Crawford, ‘“Influences on Academics” Approaches to Development: Voices from Below’, 155.
85 Collier, ‘Security Threats Facing Africa and its Capacity to Respond’ 36.
86 Ibid., 33–34.
87 Onwughalu, ‘International Development Partners and Poverty Reduction: An Appraisal of the Department for International Development (DFID) in South Eastern Nigeria (2005–2015)’.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Victor Ojakorotu
Victor Ojakorotu is a Professor and lecturer at the Department of Political Studies and International Relations, and the Deputy Director, School of Government Studies, Faculty of Humanities, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa. He specialises in natural resources and related-conflicts.
Vincent Chukwukadibia Onwughalu
Vincent Chukwukadibia Onwughalu is a lecturer at the Department of Public Administration, Federal Polytechnic, Oko, Anambra State, Nigeria and Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Department of Politics and International Relations, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa. He holds a doctoral degree in Political Economy and Development Studies.