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Abstract
Objective: We tested the correlation between maternal protein malnutrition and autistic-like symptoms using behavioral tests in rodents that measure main behavioral characteristics observed in humans with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Methods: Pregnant female rats were fed a normal diet or a hypoproteic diet during gestation and lactation periods. The litters were weighed every 3 days during lactation, and the offspring were tested in behavioral tasks during infancy (postnatal day (PND) 5: quantification of ultrasonic vocalizations; PND 13: homing behavior test) and adolescence (PND 30–32: open field, hole-board, play social behavior, and object recognition tests) in order to capture the prevalence of some of the core and associated symptoms of ASD.
Results: Litters of the hypoproteic diet group had a lesser weight gain during lactation. In addition, pups of dams fed with a hypoproteic diet vocalized less compared to those fed with a normal diet, and they showed impaired social discrimination abilities in the homing behavior test. In adolescence, both male and female offspring of the hypoproteic diet group showed no impairment in locomotor activity; however, they exhibited stereotypic behavior in the hole-board test and a decrease in social play behaviors. Male offspring showed increased interest in exploring a familiar object rather than a novel object.
Conclusion: Our results show that maternal protein malnutrition in rats causes offspring behaviors that resemble core and associated ASD symptoms.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful for the excellent technical support of José dos Reis Pereira and collaboration of Ana Cláudia Alves Freire Ribeiro.
Disclaimer statements
Contributors All authors contributed equally.
Funding This work was supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG #01483/2013, AG-P) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, #456078/2014-2; FCV). The FAPEMIG and CNPq had no further role in the design of the study; the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data; the writing of the report; or the decision to submit the paper for publication.
Conflict of interest No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. The authors report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.
Ethics approval None.