Vitamin and mineral status of children with autism spectrum disorder in Hainan Province of China: associations with symptoms

ABSTRACT

Objective: This study was designed to compare the vitamin and mineral levels of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) with those of age-matched typically developing (TD) children and to investigate their effects on the symptoms of autistic children.

Methods: The Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC), Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) and Gesell Developmental Scale (GDS) were completed for 274 children diagnosed with ASD. Vitamins and minerals were compared for all ASD children and 97 age-matched TD children. Serum levels of vitamin A (VA) were detected with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); those of vitamin D (VD), folate, vitamin B12 (VB12), and ferritin were measured with immunoassay methods; and those of minerals were detected using atomic absorption spectrophotometry in two groups.

Results: The VD and folate levels of children with ASD were significantly lower than those of TD children. The levels of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) in children with ASD were significantly lower than those in TD children, and no significant difference was found in copper (Cu) levels. Correlation analysis showed that VA and Ca levels were negatively correlated with ASD symptoms. Folate, Ca, Fe and Zn were positively correlated with the GDS scores of autistic children. There were no significant interactions among VD, VB12 and ferritin and symptoms.

Conclusion: We found that children with autism had more vitamin and mineral insufficiencies than TD children, and their levels were related to ASD symptoms. Therefore, it is essential to formulate a detailed nutritional evaluation for ASD children and provide timely and intensive interventions.

KEYWORDS:

• Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)
• vitamin
• mineral
• children

Acknowledgments

We thank all of the families and children who participated in the survey. We thank all doctors of the Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hainan Province for their assistance. We thank all members of our laboratory for supporting this research.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes on Contributors

Min Guo and Ling Li performed the data acquisition, diagnoses, analyses, and drafted and revised the manuscript.

Qian Zhang, Liyan Liu, Jianqing Feng, and Xiaofan Cai supervised the collection and analysis of ASD patient samples.

Li Chen, Ying Dai and Qian Cheng made diagnoses, and performed human samples supervision at the clinic.

Jie Chen performed the data interpretation and human samples supervision in the laboratory.

Hua Wei and Tingyu Li conceived and designed the study, performed the data analyses and interpretation, revised the article and performed general supervision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 81471518, 81771223 and 81770526].