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ABSTRACT
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) consumption (including individual SSB) and cognitive function from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and Food Patterns Equivalents Database (FPED) and whether it is age-dependent.
Methods: Older adults aged 60 years old and over were included during the NHANES 2011–2014. SSB consumption was defined as the amount of added sugar obtained by connecting the NHANES and FPED. Cognitive function tests included the consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease test, Animal Fluency Test and Digit Symbol Substitution Test. We calculated z-score using the average of the total standardized scores on three cognitive tests to estimate the level of whole cognition. Multi-variable linear regression models and interaction analysis were conducted in this study.
Results: For individual SSB types, increased carbonated soft drinks, sweetened tea, fruit drinks, energy drinks, and sport drinks were all significantly linked to declined cognitive function (P < 0.05), respectively. Nevertheless, interaction effects by age groups were not significant (P for interaction > 0.05).
Discussion: SSB consumption (including individual SSB) was negatively associated with cognitive function, which was not age-dependent. Future studies may advance the knowledge in the field considering the association between SSB consumption and cognitive function.
Acknowledgement
We acknowledge the National Center for Health Statistics at the CDC, who designs, collects, administers the NHANES data and release the data available for public use.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Data availability statement
Data described in the manuscript, code book, and analytic code will be made available upon request pending application and approval.
Author contributions
The corresponding author is responsible for ensuring that the descriptions are accurate and agreed by all authors. Chen Chen: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Data curation, Writing- Original draft preparation, Visualization, Writing- Reviewing and Editing; Suyun Li: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Data curation, Visualization, Writing- Reviewing and Editing. Zhonghai Lu: Methodology, Software, Data curation, Visualization; Xueyan Wang, Jiesong Zhang, and Dongfeng Zhang: Software, Validation.
Additional information
Funding
Notes on contributors
Chen Chen
Chen Chen is an M.S. student in Qingdao University of Qingdao, Shandong Province, China, researching associations between diet and cognitive function.
Zhonghai Lu
Zhonghai Lu is an M.S. student in Qingdao University of Qingdao, Shandong Province, China, exploring the domains of cognitive function.
Xueyan Wang
Xueyan Wang is an M.S. student in Qingdao University of Qingdao, Shandong Province, China, exploring the domains of cognitive function.
Jiesong Zhang
Jiesong Zhang is an M.S. student in Qingdao University of Qingdao, Shandong Province, China, exploring the domains of cognitive function.
Dongfeng Zhang
Dongfeng Zhang is an M.D., Ph.D. and specialist in Epidemiology and Health Statistics. Main research interests are in non-communicable disease epidemiology, evidence-based medicine, and management epidemiology. He has a long-standing interest in studying the relationship between environmental factors and chronic non-communicable diseases.
Suyun Li
Suyun Li is a Ph.D. and specialist in Epidemiology and Health Statistics. Currently, she is an associate professor of the school of Public Health in Qingdao University of Qingdao, Shandong Province, China and is mainly involved in the epidemiology and molecular epidemiology of chronic non-communicable diseases.