Vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene and risk of Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of observational studies

ABSTRACT

Objective

This study aimed to explore the relationship between the intake of vitamin C, vitamin E and β-carotene, and the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD).

Methods

Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane library, CNKI, and WanFang databases were searched from inception to 29 August 2022 for observational studies reporting the odds ratios (ORs) or relative risks (RRs) or hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of PD by Vitamin C/Vitamin E/β-carotene intake. Random-effects models, publication bias assessment, subgroup, sensitivity and dose–response analyses were performed, using.Stata version 12.0.

Results

A total of 13 studies were included. There was no significant association between high-dose vitamin C intake and the risk of PD compared with low-dose vitamin C intake (RR = 0.98, 95%CI:0.89,1.08). Compared with low-dose intake, high-dose intake of vitamin E can prevent the risk of PD (RR = 0.87, 95%CI:0.77,0.99). Compared with lower β-carotene intake, there was a borderline non-significant correlation between higher intake and PD risk (RR = 0.91, 95%CI:0.82,1.01), and high dose β-carotene intake was found to be associated with a lower risk of PD in women (RR = 0.78, 95%CI:0.64,0.96).

Conclusion

This study shows that vitamin E intake can reduce the risk of PD and play a preventive role.

KEYWORDS:

• Vitamin C
• Vitamin E
• β-carotene
• dose–response
• meta-analysis
• risk
• Parkinson's disease
• observational studies

Data availability statement

The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the supplementary materials.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Jiangsu Province Graduate Practice Innovation Program (SJCX21_0089).

Notes on contributors

Fang Niu

Fang Niu is a master’s student in the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.

Weihua Xie

Weihua Xie has a master’s degree from the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, and is currently working in the Quality Management Department of the Second Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou, China.

Weili Zhang

Weili Zhang is a master’s student in the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.

Xiaojin Yu

Xiaojin Yu is an Associate Professor in the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.