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Abstract
Over the last two centuries there have been a variety of different types of 'national liberation movements' which have been located in different sites within the world-system. After a long uphill struggle from 1870 to 1945 these movements captured state power in a broad break-through period between 1945 and 1970, but since then their power to effect social change has been weakened and the future trajectory of these national liberation movements stands at a choice-point. The ANC although long-established is the last of these movements to have gained power, and stands out because of this.