New Paths In Working-Time Policies In Europe: The Difficult Challenge of Reconciling Employers' and Employees' Need for Flexibility

Abstract

In the recent trade union debate in Australia on working time, reference is often made to the experiences of trade unions in Europe. But the current European situation is diverse. There is a strong emphasis on reducing working hours, but both the rationale and the forms of working-time reduction differ from country to country. This article systematises the complex European realities by defining three possible models under which the various national patterns of reduction of working time can be grouped—via collective agreements, legislation or negotiated individual flexibility. Examples of each model are selected and briefly discussed Reduction of working time through collective agreements is identified with the German and Dutch experiences. Reduction of working time through government legislation is exemplified by the French case. The pursuit of negotiated individual flexibility over the life cycle is identified most strongly with the Scandinavian countries. The article concludes with some comments on an innovative working-time policy for trade unions, which would emphasise reduction in weekly working-time, part-time work, reduction in overtime and a reduction in lifetime working hours.