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Abstract
Welfare organisations make extensive use of case vignettes in order to attract supporters to their cause, but welfare historians have, traditionally, approached such material with caution. Taking the magazines generated by the British (and Australian) child-rescue movement as a case study, this article argues that there is a place for an interrogation of the ever-present vignettes. Although the image they disseminate is a highly coloured one, read across the grain they can provide valuable insights into organisational motivation, ideology, and practice over time, framing, as much as they reflect, the discursive environment within which services were both planned and delivered.
Acknowledgements
The author wishes to acknowledge the contribution of Professor Margot Hillel and Dr Belinda Sweeney to the project on which this article is based.
Notes
1‘People We Have Met: Little Susie’, Mission Notes: A Monthly Paper on the Work of the Melbourne Diocesan Deaconesses, and Items of Church Interest 1, no. 10 (1896): 7–8.
2See, for example, B. Bellingham, ‘Waifs and Strays: Child Abandonment, Foster Care, and Families in Mid-Nineteenth-Century New York’, in The Uses of Charity: The Poor on Relief in the Nineteenth-Century Metropolis, ed. P. Mandler (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990), 133ff; Joy Parr, Labouring Children: British Immigrant Apprentices to Canada, 1879–1924 (London: Croom Helm, 1980), Ch. 4.
3This article arises out of an Australian Research Council (ARC)-funded project examining the dissemination of child rescue discourse across the Empire in the period 1850–1915. The core content of the magazines studied was remarkably similar. Vignettes were interspersed with poetry and visual material, alongside more factually-based articles commenting on contemporary issues around childhood, and reporting on developments in the homes. As the work progressed, an increasing proportion of the magazines was devoted to subscription lists and reports of fund-raising activities.
4The oldest of these magazines was the Juvenile Missionary Magazine which was first published in 1844. It was followed in 1849 by the Ragged School Union Magazine and the Reformatory and Refuge Journal in 1864. While the latter was focused on supporters and workers within the reformatory and refuge movement, the others assumed a mixed audience of both adults and children. Circulation figures are not available, but David Williamson, historian of the Ragged Schools Union, claims that 5,000 copies of the first magazine were sold. David Williamson, Ninety-Not Out: A Record of Ninety Years’ Child Welfare Work of the Shaftesbury Society and R.S.U. (London: Hodder and Stoughton, Ltd, 1934), 23.
5Having initially used such evangelical publications as Revival and the Christian to publicise his work, Barnardo purchased an already successful magazine, Children's Treasury, in 1874. The profits provided him with a private income until its circulation collapsed in the early 1880s. His decision to introduce a new magazine specifically focused on the work of the homes was a significant factor in this collapse. This new magazine, Night and Day, commenced publication in 1877. In an attempt to broaden the appeal of the work the magazine was renamed the National Waifs Magazine from 1900 to 1906 when, following Barnardo's death, it was returned to its original title, Night and Day. Our Darlings, which commenced publication in 1881,was Barnardo's (unsuccessful) attempt to find a replacement for Children's Treasury. The Young Helpers’ League Magazine, first published in 1892, was designed specifically for members of the newly-founded children's support organisation. For further details of Barnard's journalistic endeavours see Gillian Wagner, Barnardo (Weidenfeld and Nicolson: London, 1979) 88, 196–98.
6 Children's Advocate was published from 1871 to 1888 when it was replaced by Highways and Hedges. Our Boys and Girls, a magazine designed specifically for younger supporters, commenced operations in 1878.
7 Our Waifs and Strays was first published in 1882 and its companion magazine for child supporters, Brothers and Sisters, in 1890.
8 Child's Guardian was first published in 1887 and the Children's League of Pity Paper in 1893.
9 Mission Notes was published from 1895 to 1896 when it was succeeded by In Our Midst.
10 From Dark to Dawn, the closest equivalent in Australia to the magazines issued by child rescuers in Britain, was published by Selina Sutherland in 1894, one year after she had founded the Victorian Neglected Children's Aid Society, and was maintained by the committee of the Sutherland Homes, the organisation founded by Sutherland shortly before her death in 1909. Early editions of the journal have been lost but issues dating from 1908 are held in the National Library of Australia.
11Joan Scott, ‘Review of Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence’, Signs 15, no. 4 (1990): 848–52.
12Stephen Garton, ‘Asylum Histories: Reconsidering Australia's Lunatic Past’, in ‘Madness’ in Australia: Histories, Heritage and the Asylum, eds. Catharine Coleborne and Dolly MacKinnon (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 2003), 8.
13Franca Iacovetta and Wendy Mitchinson, ‘Introduction: Social History and Case File Research’, in On the Case: Explorations in Social History, eds. Franca Iacovetta and Wendy Mitchinson (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998), 15.
14Carolyn Strange, ‘Stories of Their Lives: The Historian and the Capital Case File’, in On the Case: Explorations in Social History, eds. Franca Iacovetta and Wendy Mitchinson (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998), 33.
15Hon. Thomas Pelham, ‘The Story of a Street Singer’, Night and Day I, no. 10 & 11 (1877): 121–24.
16Seth Koven, Slumming: Sexual and Social Politics in Victorian London (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), Ch.2.
17Lydia Murdoch, Imagined Orphans: Poor Families, Child Welfare and Contested Citizenship in London (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2006), 15–16.
18Garton, ‘Asylum Histories’, 5.
19Strange, ‘Stories of Their Lives’, 26–27.
20Canning, Kathleen (1994) ‘Feminist History After the Linguistic Turn: Historicizing Discourse and Experience’, Signs 19, 2: 382–83.
21Eric W. Sager, ‘Employment Contracts in Merchant Shipping: An Argument for Social Science History’, in On the Case: Explorations in Social History, eds. Franca Iacovetta and Wendy Mitchinson (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998), 60–61.
22See for example: ‘One Waif’, Children's Advocate II, no. 24 (1881): 186–88. Rev. F.J. Murrell, ‘Lights and Shadows of Child-Life: Worse Than Orphaned’, Highways and Hedges III, no. 33 (1890): 181–83; M.E. Lester, ‘Cameos from Life. No 1.—Out of the Darkness’, Our Waifs and Strays V, no. 133 (1895): 81–82; H.M.R., ‘Rescued From “The Spotted Dog”’, Our Waifs and Strays I, no. 98 (1892): 11–13.
23‘Lights and Shadows of Child-Life: Anywhere to Get Rid of Him’, Highways and Hedges IV, no. 37 (1891): 5–6; Sister Frances Perram, ‘Stories of Children Lost and Found: Afraid of His Mother’, Highways and Hedges IX, no. 99 (1896): 57–58; Sister Frances, ‘Stories of Children Lost and Found: A Baby Nursemaid’, Highways and Hedges VII, no. 74 (1894): 31–32.
24‘She Learnt It from Granny’, Our Waifs and Strays XIV, no. 331 (1913): 8–9.
25Sister Grace, ‘Lights and Shadows of Child-Life: When Mother and Me Was Drunk’, Highways and Hedges V, no. 60 (1892): 227–28.
26T.J. Barnardo, ‘A Romance of the Slums’, Night and Day XXII, no. 206 (1898): 65–67.
27T.J. Barnardo, ‘The Backslider . . . Shall Be Filled with His Own Ways’, Night and Day XXII, no. 207 (1898): 80–81.
28See for example ‘Hope in Death’, Ragged School Union Magazine 2, no. 13 (1850): 17. ‘An Episode in Little Bourke Street’, Mission Notes: A Monthly Paper on the Work of the Melbourne Diocesan Deaconesses, and Items of Church Interest 1, no. 7 (1896): 7, ‘The Ragged Schoolboy’, Church of England Messenger, (December 29 supplement 1870): 3–4; Brigadier, ‘Sandy Mchauchie, Or “Rattlebanes”, Late of Our Brigade’, Reformatory and Refuge Journal, (Christmas 1875): 451–56; T. Bowman Stephenson, ‘Charley’, Children's Advocate, (April 1871): 1–2; Elliot, ‘Nellie's Christmas’, Children's Advocate and Christian at Work, (December 1873): 184–86; E.B. Aveling, ‘Nobody: A Seasonable Biography in Two Parts’ Night and Day III, no. 12 (1879): 139–41; T.J. Barnardo, ‘A Little Waif’, Night and Day XXII, no. 207 (1898): 78–79; ‘Slum and Dirt—Country and Sunshine—Heaven and Angels’, Children's League of Pity Paper X, no. 1 (1902): 2–3; ‘From Effie in Heaven’, Spectator and Central Mission Gazette, (December 3 1897): 1176. For a discussion of evangelical discourses around death in children's literature see Gillian Avery, ‘Intimations of Mortality: The Puritan and Evangelical Message to Children’, in Representations of Childhood Death, eds. Gillian Avery and Kimberly Reynolds (New York: St. Martin's Press Inc., 2000), 87–110.
29John Longley, ‘My Mother's Bible’, Children's Advocate (May 1871): 4–5. See also ‘The Shorn Head’, Children's Advocate (December 1871): 4–5.
30See for example: ‘One of Our Children’, In Our Midst 6, no. 10 (1901): 6–7; ‘Little Ray's New Year’, Children's Advocate and Christian at Work (January 1874): 11–13. ‘Christabel’, Children's League of Pity Paper II, no. 5 (1894): 35–37. ‘Billy's Charge’, Spectator, (January 21 1910): 116–18.
31See for example: ‘Stories of Our Work: Little Barry Again’, Children's Advocate VI, no. 63 (1885): 41–42; F. Horner, ‘Two Scenes in One Life’, Children's Advocate and Christian at Work 4, no. 36 (1874): 177–78; Frank Hills, ‘I Was Hungry, Sir’, Highways and Hedges XIV, no. 159 (1901): 65–66; ‘Leaves from Two Lives’, Night and Day XXXI, no. 245 (1908): 36–38; T.J. Barnardo, ‘A Rescue of Today’, Night and Day XXI, no. 198 (1897): 15–16; Pelham, ‘The Story of a Street Singer’; H.D., ‘Jack the Ishmaelite’, National Waifs’ Magazine XXV, no. 221 (1902): 152–53; Anon., ‘A Voyage to New Zealand’, Children's Treasury 275 (1880): 158; ‘Matron's Remembrances: Joey’, Children's League of Pity Paper I, no. 8 (1894): 64–66; Mary E. Lester, ‘Cameos from Life. No 2.—Through the Valley of the Night’, Our Waifs and Strays V, no. 142 (1896): 221–23.
32‘Wild Maggie: A Sketch from the Five Points Mission’, Children's Advocate (September 1872): 3–4; Lilian Gilbert Brown, ‘Honest Johnny’, Children's Advocate (May 1871): 2–3.
33‘A Mother's Love’, Children's Advocate (June 1871): 1–2; C.J. Stone, ‘Saved’, Children's Advocate II, no. 16 (1881): 54–56.
34See for example: Rev. T. Turner, ‘Think and Thank’, Reformatory and Refuge Journal VI, Christmas (1878): 463–98; One Who Saw, ‘The Subjugation of Selina’, In Our Midst (1911): 2–4; ‘The Little Missionary Collector's First Attempt’, Juvenile Missionary Magazine VII, no. 68 (1850): 17–21; Brenda, ‘Up Our Alley: A Sermon over the Pump’, Night and Day II (1878): 12–14; ‘Toys for the Toyless’, Young Helpers’ League Magazine (1899): 171; Anon., ‘Thorns’, Children's Treasury 298 (1880): 437–40: K.L.S., ‘The Christmas Sermon’, Our Waifs and Strays V, no. 141 (1896): 209; Mary E. Lester, ‘Cameos from Life. No.19.—Hath Done What She Could’, Our Waifs and Strays VIII, no. 208 (1901): 134–35.
35Miss E.S. Gregory, ‘Lights and Shadows of Child-Life: Little Patience’, Highways and Hedges I, no. 8 (1888): 141–43.
36‘The Clean Shirt; or, Where There is a Will There is a Way’, Ragged School Union Magazine 2, no. 13 (1850): 21–22: F. D., ‘The Ragged Convalescent’, Ragged School Union Magazine 3, no. 30 (1851): 123–24; ‘The Honest Ragged Boy’, Ragged School Union Magazine 2, no. 16 (1850): 99; ‘The Orphan Ragged Scholar’, Ragged School Union Magazine 6, no. 67 (1854): 128–30; ‘Ragged Johnny’, Ragged School Union Magazine 8, no. 90 (1856): 123–24.
37Thomas J. Barnardo, ‘Found Dead’, Children's Advocate (September 1871): 1–2; ‘Little “Carrots”’, Children's Advocate (April 1872): 3; J. Pendlebury, ‘Stories of Our Work: Johnny—Dead!’ Children's Advocate and Christian at Work 5, no. 39 (1875): 26–27.
38‘Lights and Shadows of Child-Life: Whoever Finds, Keep’, Highways and Hedges III, no. 31 (1890): 141–42.
39T.J. Barnardo, ‘Wyffie’, Night and Day XVI, no. 169 (1892): 119; T.J. Barnardo, ‘A Modern Miracle: The Story of a Diamond Ring’, National Waifs’ Magazine XXV, no. 214 (1902): 16–18; Kathleen Lucas, ‘Homeless Jack’, Young Helpers’ League Magazine (1899): 27–29; ‘Sold by His Mother!’, Children's Advocate III, no. 27 (1882): 35.
40‘Stories of Our Work: The Waif and His Dog’, Children's Advocate VII, no. 76 (1886): 73–74; Annie Frances Perram, ‘Lights and Shadows of Child-Life: A Jewel in the Rough’, Highways and Hedges IV, no. 44 (1891): 141–42.
41T.J. Barnardo, Kidnapped! A Narrative of Fact (London: J.F. Shaw & Co., 1885).
42See for example: T.J. Barnardo, ‘Motherless—with a Mother!’, Night and Day XV, no. 137 (1891): 146–47; Ellice Hopkins, ‘Little Mary’, Night and Day 5, nos. 2 & 3 (1881): 24–30; ‘Poor Little Cinderella’, Children's League of Pity Paper II, no. 8 (1895): 68–69; Sister Gr ace, ‘Lights and Shadows of Child-Life: The Dunce of the Family’, Highways and Hedges III, no. 29 (1890): 101–03.
43F. Horner, ‘A Winter's Tale’, Highways and Hedges XXII (1909): 10; T. Bowman Stephenson, ‘One Taken—The Other Left’, Highways and Hedges X, no. 111 (1897): 49–50; J.H. Forde, ‘The Penniless Flower Girl’, Young Helpers’ League Magazine (1899): 46–47; ‘Lights and Shadows of Child-Life: Nobody's Child!’, Highways and Hedges IV, no. 42 (1891): 101–02.
44See for example: Annie Craig, ‘Lights and Shadows of Child-Life: Of No Value to the Owner’, Highways and Hedges II, no. 19 (1889): 121–22; T.J. Barnardo, ‘A Baby Farmer’, Night and Day XV, no. 155 (1891): 112–13; Grandfather, ‘Grandfather's Tales IV’, Young Helpers’ League I (1893): 29–30: ‘Groaner’, Children's League of Pity Paper III, no. 3 (1895): 23–24; E.A.S., ‘The Spotted Girl’, Our Waifs and Strays IV, no. 119 (1894): 232–33; ‘Stories of Our Work: Almost Rescued’, Children's Advocate VII, no. 80 (1886): 169–71; Mary E. Lester, ‘Cameos from Life. No.6.—Through the Shadows Led by Love’, Our Waifs and Strays VI, no. 166 (1898): 232–34.
45F. Horner, ‘Five Minutes in “Pave Court”’, Children's Advocate (December 1871): 1.
46T.J. Barnardo, ‘A Very Restless Night’, Night and Day I, no. 4 (1877): 40–43.
47See for example: T.J. Barnardo, ‘Deep Sea Fishing’, Night and Day II, no. 2 (1878): 32–33; Rev. Prebendary Billing, ‘Waif-Hunting’, Our Waifs and Strays I, no. 28 (1886): 2–3; C.J. Stone, ‘Light and Shadows of Child-Life: Wrecked in Sight of Home’, Highways and Hedges IV, no. 39 (1891): 45.
48C.J. Stone, ‘Daisy’, Highways and Hedges IX, no. 100 (1896): 82–83; T.J. Barnardo, ‘One of My Failures’, National Waifs’ Magazine XXV, no. 219 (1902): 116–18; T.J. Barnardo, ‘Friendless and Alone’, Night and Day II, no. 3 (1878): 37–39.
49T.J. Barnardo, ‘The Street Newsboy’, Night and Day II, no. 12 (1878): 157–60; T.J. Barnardo, ‘A Chapter from a Life Story’, Night and Day XIII, no. 132–33 (1889): 39–40; A.W. Mager, ‘Stories of Our Work VI: Which Is His Head?’, Children's Advocate V, no. 56 (1884): 150–53.
50See for example: T.J. Barnardo, ‘A Little Street Heroine’, Night and Day IX, no. 104–6 (1885): 165–69; ‘The Crossing Sweeper’, Young Helpers’ League Magazine (1900): 66; James Cassidy, ‘The Life of A “Picker-Up”’, Young Helpers’ League Magazine (1899): 14; W.L.R., ‘A Kind-Hearted Brother’, Children's League of Pity Paper X, no. 7 (1903): 116–17; Ina Leon Cassilis, ‘“Tater”—One of Thousands’, Our Waifs and Strays XI, no. 278 (1907): 171–73.
51J. Pendlebury, ‘Stories of Our Work: Three Waifs Begging for a Home’, Children's Advocate and Christian at Work 5, no. 46 (1875): 110–12.
52See for example: C.J. Stone, ‘Homeless—at Home’, Children's Advocate 6, no. 9 (1876): 66–67; T.J. Barnardo, ‘Cast Adrift!’, Night and Day II, no. 10 (1878): 128–29; Emily Rogers, ‘Our Father’, Young Helpers’ League Magazine (1899): 51; ‘Sparkle’, Children's Advocate and Christian at Work (February 1873): 28–31; J.J.B., ‘By Highway and Byway 1.—Waif Wisdom’, Our Waifs and Strays XIII, no. 319 (1911): 203.
53‘A Little English Heathen’, Children's Advocate 6, no. 4 (1876): 31.
54‘Poor Little Foreigners’, Children's Advocate 6, no. 6 (1876): 47–8.
55‘Stories of Our Work: Fatherless-Motherless’, Children's Advocate VII, no. 73 (1886): 1–4.
56See for example: Sister Grace, ‘Lights and Shadows of Child-Life: Homeless, Friendless’, Highways and Hedges IV, no. 43 (1891): 121–22; T.J. Barnardo, ‘The Seed of the Righteous’, Night and Day X, no. 115 & 116 (1886): 231–34; T. Bowman Stephenson, ‘Why She Cut Off Her Hair’, Children's Advocate 1, no. 1 (1880): 4–5.
57See for example: A.W. Mager, ‘Lights and Shadows of Child-Life’, Highways and Hedges V, no. 54 (1892): 102–04; T.J. Barnardo, ‘Of the Household of Faith’, Night and Day XXII, no. 206 (1898): 61–62; ‘Lights and Shadows of Child-Life: Victim of a Sober Educated Brute’, Highways and Hedges I, no. 7 (1888): 122–23; ‘Sober Educated Brute’ Child's Guardian I, no. 8 (1887): 57–58; Grandfather, ‘Grandfather's Tales V’, Young Helpers’ League I (1893): 43–44; Mary E. Lester, ‘Cameos from Life. No.18.—A Larger Heart, the Kindlier Hand’, Our Waifs and Strays VIII, no. 204 (1901): 64–66.
58See for example: Mary E. Lester, ‘Cameos from Life. No.35. – Fireworks’, Our Waifs and Strays X, no. 261 (1906): 184–86; Mary E. Lester, ‘Cameos from Life. No.25.—The Charwoman's Helpless Child’, Our Waifs and Strays IX, no. 226 (1903): 22–23.
59‘An Adulterous Moralist and His Notions of Discipline’, Child's Guardian I, no. 4 (1887): 28; ‘In a Roadside Cottage’, Child's Guardian I, no. 1 (1887): 2–3.
60See for example: ‘Two Years in Torment’, Child's Guardian II, no. 16 (1888): 25–26; ‘The Emigrants. No.1’, Ragged School Union Magazine I, no. 4 (1849): 61–64.
61‘Our Young Folks: A Night Raid’, Spectator and Central Mission Gazette (March 16 1900): 381; ‘A Remarkable Cripple’, Spectator and Central Mission Gazette (July 13 1900): 995; ‘Ted and Harry’, Spectator and Central Mission Gazette (May 22 1896): 376; ‘Three Little Stories: Dr. Stephenson's Home, No. I’, Spectator and Central Mission Gazette (March 19 1897): 237; ‘Three Little Stories: Dr. Stephenson's Home, No. II’, Spectator and Central Mission Gazette (March 26 1897): 270; ‘Three Little Stories: Dr. Stephenson's Home, No. III’, Spectator and Central Mission Gazette (April 2 1897): 290.
62Mrs Carleton, ‘Anna: A Story of Our Rescue Homes’, War Cry (November 5 1887): 1–2; ‘Little Jim’, In Our Midst (1907): 3–4; ‘Motherless’, In Our Midst (1913): 3-5; ‘My Little Child Dreaded My Footsteps’, War Cry (April 12 1884): 1; ‘An Occasional Episode’, In Our Midst (1902): 7–8; ‘Rescue Outcast Lads’, War Cry (December 20 1884): 1; Lieutenant L. Vincent, ‘Blighted Lives’, War Cry (April 12 1890): 1–2; ‘A Waif and a Stray’, In Our Midst 2, no. 3 (1896): 6–7.
63‘People We Have Met’, In Our Midst (1915): 6–7.
64Barnardo, ‘A Little Waif’, 78; Barnardo, ‘Of the Household of Faith’, 61; Averie S. Francis, ‘Tom’, Night and Day VII, no. 70–2 (1883): 51; K.L.S., ‘The Christmas Sermon’, 209; ‘Rescue Work: A True Story’, Our Waifs and Strays XI, no. 283 (1908): 296; ‘Saved’, Good Tidings XI, no. 522 (1896): 8.
65Barnardo, ‘From the Shadows’, 14.
66Barnardo, ‘A Little Waif’, 78.
67Barnardo, ‘A Little Street Heroine’, 166.
68T.J. Barnardo, ‘Left Alone’, Night and Day 5, no. 1 (1881): 2.
69‘The Crossing Sweeper’, 66.
70Billing, ‘Waif-Hunting’, 2.
71Barnardo, ‘A Baby Farmer’, 112; Lester, ‘Hath Done What She Could’, 135.
72Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincialising Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), 32. Like subaltern populations, in the vignettes the children are fixed within their class while they remain in England. At home the successfully rescued child is depicted as a well-trained and dutiful servant. Upward social mobility is only available to children who emigrate, presumably because in the colonies there was a non-white subaltern population. For a discussion of the privileges of whiteness in child rescue publications see S. Swain, M. Hillel and B. Sweeney, ‘“As Though His Face Had Been White”: Child Rescuers, Whiteness and the Empire’ in Historicising Whiteness: Transnational Perspectives on the Construction of an Identity, eds. L. Boucher, J. Carey and K. Ellinghaus (Melbourne: RMIT EPress, 2007), 384–91.
73‘Little Jim’, 3.
74Barnardo, ‘The Street Newsboy’, 157.
75Barnardo, ‘A Baby Farmer’, 112.
76Lester, ‘Charwoman's Helpless Child’, 22.
77Broeder, ‘A Story of the Snow’, Night and Day III, no. 12 (1879): 148.
78For a further discussion of this issue see Jean Comaroff and John L. Comaroff, ‘Home-Made Hegemony: Modernity, Domesticity and Colonialism in South Africa’, in African Encounters With Domesticity, ed. Karen Tranberg Hansen (New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1992); Robert D. Grant, Representations of British Emigration, Colonisation and Settlement: Imagining Empire (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005); Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest (New York: Routledge, 1995); Susan Thorne, Congregational Missions and the Making of an Imperial Culture in Nineteenth-Century England (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1999).
79Barnardo, ‘From the Shadows’, 14.
80Barnardo, ‘A Chapter From a Life Story’, 39.
81Barnardo, ‘From the Shadows’, 14.
82Barnardo, ‘One of My Failures’, 118.
83‘Rescue Work’, 296.
84Aveling, ‘Nobody’, 139.
85‘Two Years in Torment’, 25.
86Barnardo, ‘A Baby Farmer’, 112.
87Barnardo, ‘Of the Household of Faith’, 61.
88K.L.S., ‘The Christmas Sermon’, 209.
89Stone, ‘Wrecked in Sight of Home’, 45.
90Cassidy, ‘The Life of A “Picker-Up”’, 14.
91Cobweb, ‘A Ray of Sunshine’, Young Helpers’ League Magazine (1899): 186; Mary E. Lester, ‘Cameos from Life. No.13—Adopted’, Our Waifs and Strays VII, no. 192 (1900): 272.
92Gertrude Mason, ‘A True Story’, Good Tidings XI, no. 531 (1896): 79.
93T.J. Barnardo, ‘A Waif of Babylon’, Night and Day XV, no. 156 (1891): 126.
94Elliot, ‘Nellie's Christmas’, 184, Grace, ‘The Dunce of the Family’, 101.
95See for example Aveling, ‘Nobody’; Barnardo, ‘Cast Adrift!’, 139.
96May C. Scott, ‘What the Moon Saw in London’, Our Waifs and Strays IV, no. 127 (1894), 363.
97Hopkins, ‘Little Mary’, 357–58; Mary E. Lester, ‘Cameos from Life. No.8.—Feeling for the Child’, Our Waifs and Strays VI, no. 173 (1898): 357–58.
98Barnardo, ‘Left Alone’, 2.
99H.C., ‘Bare Facts’, 111; Mary E. Lester, ‘Cameos from Life. No.24.—A Modern Samaritan’, Our Waifs and Strays VIII, no. 222 (1902): 379; May C. Scott, ‘What the Moon Saw in London’, Our Waifs and Strays IV, no. 127 (1894).
100Barnardo, ‘A Waif of Babylon’, 126; J.C., ‘Mother's Help’, 71.
101Barnardo, ‘One of My Failures’, 117.
102‘Lights and Shadows of Child-Life: A “Sister's” Story’, Highways and Hedges II, no. 15 (1889): 41–42.
103Craig, ‘Of No Value’, 121.
104H.M.R., ‘Rescued From “The Spotted Dog”’, 11.
105Stone, ‘Wrecked in Sight of Home’, 45; ‘Little Barry Again’, 41.
106Barnardo, Kidnapped!, 24.
107Barnardo, ‘The Seed of the Righteous’, 234.
108Barnardo, ‘Friendless and Alone’, 38.
109A. Allen and A. Morton, This Is Your Child: The Story of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1961); L. Housden, The Prevention of Cruelty to Children (London: Cape, 1955); Ivy Pinchbeck and Margaret Hewitt, Children in English Society: Volume II: From the Eighteenth Century to the Children Act 1948 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973); Lionel Rose, The Erosion of Childhood: Child Oppression in Britain, 1860–1918 (London and New York: Routledge, 1991).
110See for example J. Penglase, Orphans of the Living: Growing up in ‘Care’ in Twentieth-Century Australia (Fremantle: Curtin University Books, 2005).
111Most of the scholarly works addressing the history of child rescue tend to either praise or condemn the practice. One of the few to attempt to come to terms with its implicit contra dictions is Doreen Mellor and Anna Haebich, eds, Many Voices: Reflections on Experiences of Indigenous Child Separation (Canberra: National Library of Australia, 2002). In the Australian context the key enquiries referred to here are Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, Bringing Them Home: Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families (Sydney: HREOC, 1997); Australian Senate Community Affairs References Committee, Forgotten Australians: A Report on Australians Who Experienced Institutional or Out-of-Home Care as Children (Canberra: Senate Printing Unit, 2004); Australian Senate Community Affairs References Committee, Lost Innocents: Righting the Record Report on Child Migration (Canberra: Senate Printing Unit, 2001).
112Harry Hendrick, Child Welfare: England, 1872–1989 (London: Routledge, 1994), 7–8.