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In Portugal, geography textbooks were and still are today the main resource for teaching the discipline at secondary‐school level. During the period from 1836 to the institution‐alisation of geography in higher education, and the establishment of the first chair of geography (1904), geography teaching and textbooks were of poor quality. After the institutionalisation of geography at academic level, the quality of textbooks improved due to the fact that geography teachers received a scientific and pedagogical preparation. Nevertheless, during the period of the dictatorship (1926–1974) the unchanging nature of geography syllabuses (for ages 12–17), and the fact that textbooks had to be officially approved were conditions unfavourable to improving their quality. The evolution of the quality of textbooks is made clear in the United Kingdom example.
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