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Articles

The contradictions of gender: women, men and violence in mental health research-policy, law and human rights

 

ABSTRACT

Since the 1960s significant differences in the mental health profile of men and women have been observed, but not adequately explained. The accepted pattern is that women are more likely to be diagnosed with high prevalence disorders and men are more likely to be diagnosed with serious low prevalence disorders. Clinical research has pursued physiological or psychosocial explanations for women’s mental health problems, while feminist perspectives have emphasised the pathologisation of women’s experiences. Recent research has refocused attention on the distinct mental health needs of women and men related to the experience of violence. The emphasis on violence in new mental health research, however, is matched by a curious silence in mental health law and policy with respect to the mental health impact of violence. This article recognises the need for a robust response to the experience of violence for both men and women. With respect to the experience of women, it calls for the adoption of a women centred, trauma informed approach to the development of law, policy and service provision in mental health. Such approaches should engage with the emerging recognition of intersectionality in the research literature, the aspirations of the consumer movement and human rights frameworks.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes

1Rogers and Pilgrim (Citation2010), p 80.

2Harvey and Morgan (Citation2012), p 249.

3For example Astbury (Citation1996); Chesler ([Citation1972] Citation2005); Jimenez (Citation1997).

4Merkatz et al (Citation1993), p 292.

5Wegmann (Citation2012); Viguera et al (Citation2002), p 2102.

6Angst et al (Citation1999).

7Seba (Citation2014).

8Pattyn et al (Citation2015).

9Mullen (Citation1997); Mullen (Citation2006).

10Pilgrim and Rogers (Citation2010), p 274.

11See note 10.

12Knudsen (Citation2006)

13McCall (Citation2005)

14Knudsen (Citation2006), p 61.

15Crenshaw (Citation1991).

16Ritzer (Citation2007), p 204.

17Cook and Williams (Citation2015), pp 159–160.

18Crenshaw (Citation1991), pp 1296–1297.

19Ghavami and Peplau (Citation2013)

20Hallet (Citation2015)

21See note 20, p 158.

22See note 20, p 169.

23Cook and Williams (Citation2015).

24Weller (Citation2014).

25See note 24.

26Sen (Citation2010).

27Kohen (Citation2010).

28Harvey and Morgan (Citation2012), p 251.

29O’Hara and Swain (Citation1996), p 37.

30Harvey and Morgan (Citation2012), p 251.

31Rogers and Pilgrim (Citation2010), p 69.

32Seedat et al (Citation2009).

33Meadows (Citation2012), p 245.

34Connel (Citation2003).

35See Mann et al (Citation2004); Kling et al (Citation1999).

36Cater et al (Citation2015).

37For example, Henderson and Ellison (Citation2015).

38Dohrewend and Dohrenwend (Citation1997).

39Pattyn et al (Citation2015).

40Mullen (Citation1993); Mullen (Citation1997); Steadman et al (Citation1998).

41Bostwick et al (Citation2014), p 40; Meyer (Citation2013); Marvin et al (Citation2012).

42Ellis et al (Citation2015).

43Ellis et al (Citation2015), pp 14–16.

44Ellis et al (Citation2015), p 16.

45Persson et al (Citation2015).

46Place et al (Citation2015).

47Miller and Ghadiali (Citation2015).

48WHO (Citation2002).

49Fernbacher (Citation2012).

50Fernbacher (Citation2012), p 423.

51Mullen (Citation1993).

52Walsh et al (Citation2003); Hiday et al (Citation2001); Hughes et al (Citation2012).

53Tsai et al (Citation2015), p 826.

54Tsai et al (Citation2015), p 826.

55Khalifeh et al (Citation2015), p 280.

56Silver (Citation2002); Sturup et al (Citation2011).

57Khalifeh et al (Citation2015), p 280.

58Khalifeh et al (Citation2015), p 280.

59VMIAC (Citation2013).

60Chenoweth (Citation1996); see Department of Health and Community Services, Tailoring Services to Meet the Needs of Women, Victorian Government.

61VMIAC (Citation2013), pp 4, 10, 14.

62VMIAC (Citation2013), p 27.

63Kotze et al (Citation2015), p 762

64See note 63.

65Fernbacher (Citation2012).

66Bateman et al (Citation2013).

67Bateman et al (Citation2013), p 4.

68Bateman et al (Citation2013), pp 24–25.

69Bateman et al (Citation2013), p 27.

70Bateman et al (Citation2013), p 10.

71Bateman et al (Citation2013), pp 10–11.

72For example. see Cleary and Hungerford (Citation2015); Stoppard and McMullen (Citation2006).

73Fossey (Citation2012), p 14.

74Slade (Citation2009); Davidson et al (Citation2009); Glover (Citation2005).

75O’Hagan (Citation2004), p 3.

76Slade et al (Citation2015).

77Epstein (Citation2012), p 8.

78Oakes (Citation2011), p.20.

79Roper and Eden (Citation2011).

80CRPD.

81CEDAW.

82Flynn and Arstein-Kerslake (Citation2014).

84CRPD General Comment 1 (Citation2014).

85Concluding Observations (Citation2013), para 34.

86Weller (Citation2009), pp 74, 77.

87CRPD, preamble [q].

88CRPD, article 6(1).

89ALRC (Citation2014)

90Unsworth (Citation1987).

91 Mental Health Act Citation2014 (Vic); Mental Health Act Citation2014 (WA); Mental Health Act Citation2013 (Tas).

92 Mental Health Act Citation2014 (Vic) s 11(g).

93 Mental Health Act Citation2014 (WA) ss 163(3), 303(2).

94 Mental Health Act Citation2013 (Tas) Schedule 1, 1(c), (q).

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