Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful for the feedback received from the anonymous reviewers of this article.
Notes
1 deCosta and Douglas (2015a).
2 Note that there is currently significant law reform being debated in Australia including a Greens Party campaign led by Maureen Faruqi MP to legalise abortion in NSW: Mehreen Faruqi (The Greens), ‘NSW Greens MP Welcomes Safe Access Zones for Abortion Clinics in Victoria, Calls on Baird Government and the Opposition to Support Change in NSW’ http://www.mehreenfaruqi.org.au/tag/abortion/ 27 November 2015. In Queensland a private members Bill was introduced into parliament in May 2016 and is currently being considered: Abortion Law Reform (Woman’s Right to Choose) Amendment Bill 2016.
3 United Nations Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights (Citation2015); World Health Organisation (2009) and (2012); Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1981).
7 de Costa et al (2015b).
10 de Costa et al (2015b).
11 See especially Criminal Code Act 1899 (Qld) ss 224-226 and Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) ss 82-84.
12 See Abortion Law Reform Act 2008 (Vic); Medical Practitioners (Maternal Health) Amendment Act 2002 (ACT); Criminal Code Act Compilation Act, section 199 (WA) and Health Act 1911 (WA), sections 334-5; Reproductive Health (Access to Terminations) Act 2013 (Tas).
17 Topics also include wrongful life and surrogacy.
20 Although, as a result of continuing reform in Australia some of the commentary on current law around abortion in Australia is already out of date. For example, it is no longer a criminal offence to provide an abortion in Tasmania before 20 weeks gestation. See Reproductive Health (Access to Terminations) Act 2013 (Tas).
21 United Nations Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights (2015).
30 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1981).
32 Sifris (Citation2014), p 71; World Health Organisation (WHO) (2009), p 51.
48 Roe v Wade 410 US 113 (1973).
53 Constitutional Court Slovak December 4 2007, PL. US 12/01, Collection of Laws of the Slovak Republic, No. 14/2008 vol 8 (Slovaki) in Lamačková (Citation2014), p 56; Portuguese Constitutional Court Acórdão No. 75/2010, note 12, cfr. §46
in Rubio-Marin (2014), p 47.
65 For example, policies on comprehensive sexual education, widespread and affordable access to stigma free contraception; and laws to minimise the negative effects of forced pregnancy on women including recognition of the impact of State laws that compel the protection of the fetus at the expense of the woman (compensation, protection of employment and educational opportunities or providing appropriate childcare): Sifris (Citation2014), p 124.
67 See generally O’Rourke et al. (2012).
72 P and S v Poland, Application No. 57375/08, Eur Ct HR (2012).
76 World Health Organisation (2012).
89 Abortion Law Reform Act 2008 (Vic) s 8.
92 See also Reproductive Health (Access to Terminations) Act 2013 (Tas) s 7.
93 O’Rourke (Citation2012), p119. Note that Ronli Sifris comes to a similar conclusion in her analysis of the Tasmanian objection: Sifris (2015b), p 914.
96 R v Knight [2002] VSC 498.
97 See Darby (Citation2015); Levy v Victoria (1997) 189 CLR 579 at 619.
99 Ronli Sifris, ‘State by State, “Safe Access Zones” Around Clinics are Shielding Women from Abortion Protesters’, The Conversation, 30 November 2015 http://theconversation.com/state-by-state-safe-access-zones-around-clinics-are-shielding-women-from-abortion-protesters-51407.
101 Fertility Control Clinic v Melbourne City Council (2015) VSC 424.
102 Reproductive Health (Access to Terminations) Act 2013 (Tas) s 9.
103 Health (Patient Privacy) Amendment Act 2015 (ACT).
105 Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (adopted 10 December 1984, entered into force 26 June 1987) 1465 UNTS 85 (‘CAT’).
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Funding
This work was supported by an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (Heather Douglas) [grant number FT140100796].