Heterogeneously Catalyzed Pechmann Condensation Employing the HFe(SO₄)₂.4H₂O-Chitosan Nano-Composite: Ultrasound-Accelerated Green Synthesis of Coumarins

Abstract

A heterogeneous magnetic HFe(SO₄)₂.4H₂O-chitosan nano-composite (HFe(SO₄)₂.4H₂O-Ch NCs) was designed and synthesized through a facile and economical two-steps procedure. The synthesized HFe(SO₄)₂.4H₂O-Ch NCs was identified by XRD, EDX, FT-IR, VSM, SEM, TEM, and TGA techniques. The resulting HFe(SO₄)₂.4H₂O-Ch NCs was applied as an efficient nano-catalyst in the green synthesis of coumarin derivatives through pechmann condensation under solvent-free conditions at 100 °C, and also with ultrasonic-assisted at 70 °C. High yields of the products, short reaction times, and mild reaction conditions were perceived in both methods. The ability of detachment, recycling, and reuse of the nano-catalyst was investigated under reaction conditions.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords:

• Magnetic HFe(SO₄)₂.4H₂O-chitosan nano-composite
• heterogeneous catalyst
• ultrasound irradiation
• Pechmann condensation
• green synthesis
• coumarin derivatives

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).