Modified Graphenized Pencil Lead by CoNi₂S₄ Nanostructure as a SPME Fiber for Analysis of PAHs from Water Samples

Abstract

The main goal of this study is the hierarchical synthesis nanostructure CoNi₂S₄ on the graphenized pencil lead (GPL) and application as solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber for determination of environmental pollutants. The synthesized nanostructure fiber was investigated by scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The efficiency of the modified fiber as a new extraction phase for SPME was evaluated by the determination of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from river water samples. The extracted PAHs were monitored by GC-FID. The affecting parameters on the extraction process such as pH, temperature, salinity, stirring speed, and extraction time were investigated. The analytical parameters for determination of PAHs by CoNi₂S₄/GPL fiber were studied. Under the optimized conditions, the linearity range of calibration curve was obtained from 0.0001 to 10 µg L⁻¹. The range of correlation coefficients (R²) and limits of detections were resulted from 0.998 to 0.987 and 0.0001 to 0.003 µg L⁻¹, respectively. The proposed fiber was successfully used to evaluate PAHs in spiked river samples and RSD % values were obtained in the range of 3.8 − 9.3%.

Keywords:

• Graphenized pencil lead
• CoNi₂S₄ nanostructure
• CoNi₂S₄/GPL
• HS-SPME
• polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
• metal sulfides

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).