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Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications
An International Journal of Computation and Methodology
Volume 69, 2016 - Issue 12
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Original Articles

Three-dimensional numerical investigation on wall film formation and evaporation in port fuel injection engines

, , , &
Pages 1405-1422 | Received 25 Jul 2015, Accepted 23 Nov 2015, Published online: 02 May 2016
 

ABSTRACT

Wall film formation and evaporation were studied on a flat wall inside a constant-volume vessel using a three-dimensional numerical method. The computation was based on the discrete phase model (DPM) of spray dispersion, a spray–wall interaction model coupled with an enhanced wall film evaporation sub-model, in which the operating conditions of cold wall are considered for port fuel injection (PFI) engines. The influence of impacting parameters including injection pressure, the impingement distance from the injector and the impinged wall, injection duration, impingement angle, and wall temperature was discussed.

Nomenclature

a=

coefficient introduced in Eq. (15)

A=

area

b=

coefficient introduced in Eq. (15)

BM=

Spalding number

Cf=

skin friction coefficient

d=

diameter

E=

impact energy

F=

force

h0=

film height

hf=

convective coefficient

hfg=

latent heat of vaporization

k=

liquid thermal conductivity

=

evaporation rate

M=

molar mass

=

mass source

=

unit normal

p=

pressure

q=

heat flux

Re=

Reynolds number

t=

time

t=

elapsed time from spray impinges on the wall

=

unit vector

T=

temperature

Vp=

volume of the parcel

Yfs=

mass fraction

δ=

film thickness

μ=

dynamic viscosity

ρ=

density

σ=

surface tension of the liquid

τ=

shear stress

Subscripts=
a=

air

b=

boiling

bl=

boundary layer

cond=

conduction

conv=

convection

f=

fuel

g=

gas

imp=

impingement

inj=

injection

l=

liquid

p=

particle

rent=

re-entrainment

s=

surface

vap=

vaporization

w=

wall

Nomenclature

a=

coefficient introduced in Eq. (15)

A=

area

b=

coefficient introduced in Eq. (15)

BM=

Spalding number

Cf=

skin friction coefficient

d=

diameter

E=

impact energy

F=

force

h0=

film height

hf=

convective coefficient

hfg=

latent heat of vaporization

k=

liquid thermal conductivity

=

evaporation rate

M=

molar mass

=

mass source

=

unit normal

p=

pressure

q=

heat flux

Re=

Reynolds number

t=

time

t=

elapsed time from spray impinges on the wall

=

unit vector

T=

temperature

Vp=

volume of the parcel

Yfs=

mass fraction

δ=

film thickness

μ=

dynamic viscosity

ρ=

density

σ=

surface tension of the liquid

τ=

shear stress

Subscripts=
a=

air

b=

boiling

bl=

boundary layer

cond=

conduction

conv=

convection

f=

fuel

g=

gas

imp=

impingement

inj=

injection

l=

liquid

p=

particle

rent=

re-entrainment

s=

surface

vap=

vaporization

w=

wall

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