Flow Injection Techniques in Aquatic Environmental Analysis: Recent Applications and Technological Advances

Weihong Xu Chemical Engineering Department, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, China

Richard C. Sandford School of Earth, Ocean and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, England

Paul J. Worsfold School of Earth, Ocean and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, England

Alexandra Carlton Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, California, USA

Grady Hanrahan Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, California, USA

This article critically examines the application of flow injection (FI) technology in aquatic environmental analysis. A survey of the important advances in FI technology in the past 5 years (2000–2004) is presented along with critical technological design factors and development issues including automation, preconcentration, speciation, and advanced detection methodologies. Modern environmental applications are also discussed and future perspectives on the directions of FI technology in relation to aquatic environmental analysis are considered.

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Grady Hanrahan acknowledges financial support from the National Science Foundation CEA-CREST Program (no. HRD9805529).

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