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Abstract
Recently, a simple, rapid, high-efficiency, selective, and sensitive method for isolation, preconcentration, and enrichment of analytes has been developed. This new method of sample handling is based on ferum oxides as magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and has been used for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of various analytes from various matrices. This review focuses on the applications of modified ferum oxides, especially modified Fe3O4 MNPs, as MSPE adsorbent for pesticide isolation from various matrices. Further perspectives on MSPE based on modified Fe3O4 for inorganic metal ions, organic compounds, and biological species from water samples are also presented. Ferum(III) oxide MNPs (Fe2O3) are also highlighted.
Funding
The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Education Malaysia for financial support through the Research University Grants No. 04H22, and 10J43 and Ministry of Education Malaysia for the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) grant no. 4F307. H. R. Nodeh would like to thank UTM for the IDF award received.
Abbreviations
| CNT | = | carbon nanotube |
| DDAC | = | dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride |
| DLME | = | dispersive liquid microextraction |
| EF | = | enrichment factor |
| EU | = | European Union |
| FAAS | = | flame atomic absorption spectroscopy |
| G | = | graphene |
| GC | = | gas chromatography |
| GC-FID | = | gas chromatography-flame ionization detector |
| GC-MS | = | gas chromatography-mass spectrometry |
| GC-NPD | = | gas chromatography-nitrogen phosphorus detector |
| GO | = | graphene oxide |
| HPLC | = | high-performance liquid chromatography |
| ICP-MS | = | inductive coupled plasma-mass spectrometry |
| IL | = | ionic liquid |
| LOD | = | limit of detection. |
| MIP | = | molecularly imprinted polymer |
| MNP | = | magnetic nanoparticle |
| MRL | = | maximum residual level |
| MSPE | = | magnetic solid-phase extraction |
| MWCNT | = | multiwalled carbon nanotube |
| OCPs | = | organochlorine pesticides |
| OPPs | = | organophosphorus pesticides |
| PAH | = | polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon |
| PSDVB | = | poly(styrene divinyl benzene) |
| R | = | extraction recovery |
| SPE | = | solid-phase extraction |
| UFLC | = | ultra-fast liquid chromatography |