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Abstract
The aim of this article is to describe selected analytical techniques and their applications in the quantitative mapping/(bio)imaging of metals in biological samples. This work presents the advantages and disadvantages as well as the appropriate methods of scope for research. Distribution of metals in biological samples is currently one of the most important issues in physiology, toxicology, pharmacology, and other disciplines where functional information about the distribution of metals is essential. This issue is a subject of research in (bio)imaging/mapping studies, which use a variety of analytical techniques for the identification and determination of metallic elements. Increased interest in analytical techniques enabling the (bio)imaging of metals in a variety of biological material has been observed more recently. Measuring the distribution of trace metals in tissues after a drug dose or ingestion of poison-containing metals allows for the studying of pathomechanisms and the pathophysiology of various diseases and disorders related to the management of metals in human and animal systems.
Abbreviations
| EDXS | = | energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy |
| EELS | = | electron energy loss spectroscopy |
| EPMA | = | electron probe microanalysis |
| LA ICP-MS | = | ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry |
| PIXE | = | particle-induced X-ray emission |
| SIMS | = | secondary ion mass spectrometry |
| μ-XAS | = | micro-X-ray absorption spectroscopy |
| XFM | = | X-ray fluorescence microscopy |
Funding
This article was undertaken with the support of the Kamil Jurowski scholarship of the Krakow Marian Smoluchowski Consortium “Matter-Energy-Future” (KNOW grant). This article was also supported by the National Centre for Research and Development MODAS INNOTECH-K1/IN1/43/158947/NCBR/12 (2012-2015).